Helmuth Hübener
Helmuth Günther Hübener (1925–42), a member of the Church in Hamburg, Germany, was the youngest person of the German resistance to Nazism executed by order of the Special People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) in Berlin.1 Beginning in early 1941, Hübener produced a series of anti-Nazi leaflets that included his own political commentary and transcriptions of Allied radio broadcasts. With the help of other teenagers, he distributed leaflets throughout Hamburg. In February 1942, the Court found Hübener guilty of “conspiracy to commit high treason and treasonable support of the enemy” and ordered his execution; the tribunal also convicted his three friends Rudolf Wobbe, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, and Gerhard Düwer of “listening to a foreign radio station and distributing foreign radio news.” Hübener was executed at the age of 17 eight months later. Wobbe, Schnibbe, and Düwer were sentenced to hard labor and remained in prison camps until the end of World War II.2
Hübener was born in Hamburg in 1925. His single mother, Emma Guddat Kunkel, worked to support Helmuth and his two older half brothers, Hans and Gerhard. As a result, Helmuth and his brothers spent much of their youth with their grandmother Wilhemine Sudrow, who lived nearby.3 In 1939 Emma married Hugo Hübener, a construction worker and Nazi Party member, who later adopted Helmuth. Emma’s new husband disliked the Church, and, probably to appease him, her activity became intermittent after their marriage. Helmuth and his brothers, however, continued to attend church with their grandmother.4
Like their neighbors, many German Latter-day Saints initially viewed the Nazi Party’s promises of renewed economic stability and increased national pride with hope. Some Church members joined the party while others actively opposed the regime. Still others remained neutral.5 Helmuth Hübener witnessed this spectrum of party participation firsthand. His branch president, Arthur Zander, was a Nazi Party member who compelled branch members to listen to the party’s radio broadcasts, threatened to report members for anti-government activities, and, in 1938, posted a sign on the meetinghouse door informing Jews they were not welcome.6 A handful of members wore their Nazi military and civil service uniforms to Church meetings. On the other hand, Otto Berndt, the Hamburg district president, preached against government policy from the pulpit, privately encouraged member resistance, and frequently walked with Jewish converts. Although Hübener initially participated in the local Jungvolk (the Nazi-organized group for children too young to join the Hitler Youth), he came to reject the party’s ideology.7
In the spring of 1941, Hübener discovered a shortwave radio belonging to his brother Gerhard and used it to listen to nightly news broadcasts from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)—a crime under Nazi law. Occasionally, two friends from church, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe and Rudolf (Rudi) Wobbe, joined him. Hübener soon began producing anti-Nazi leaflets that relayed information from the broadcasts alongside his own commentary. Using carbon paper and a pair of typewriters borrowed from the branch, Hübener made copies of these leaflets, which he, Schnibbe, and Wobbe tacked to Nazi Party bulletin boards, dropped on busy streets, and slipped into mailboxes.8 Hübener soon recruited several other teenage acquaintances to help. Gerhard Düwer, who worked at the Hamburg Social Authority (Sozialbehörde), where he and Hübener were apprentices, helped to expand the distribution. Through an unknown connection, Hübener also arranged for a printer in Kiel to copy leaflets in larger numbers.9 Over the course of 10 months, Hübener produced a series of leaflets challenging party rhetoric and disputing official accounts of the war. He also took direct aim at party officials. The Führer “will send you by the thousands into the fires in order to finish the crime he started,” Hübener wrote in one leaflet. “By the thousands your wives and children will become widows and orphans. And for nothing!”10
In February 1942, Gestapo agents arrested Hübener, Wobbe, Schnibbe, and Düwer on charges of various crimes under Nazi law, including “conspiracy to commit high treason.”11 On August 11, during a trial lasting just over nine hours, the four were tried before the three-member Special People’s Court in Berlin.12 All four were found guilty. Hübener was sentenced to death, while Wobbe, Schnibbe, and Düwer were sentenced to 4 to 10 years in labor camps. Hübener was put to death by guillotine on October 27, 1942.13
Gedenkstätte Plötzensee Memorial Wall in Berlin, Germany, where Hübener was executed.
Shortly after Hübener’s arrest, branch president Arthur Zander wrote “excommunicated” on Helmuth’s membership record. However, district president Otto Berndt refused to countersign the action. Anthon Huck, a member of the European Mission presidency, provided a second signature. Several Church leaders later said they intended to distance the Church from Hübener to protect Latter-day Saints from the wrath of Nazi officials. After World War II ended, Hübener was posthumously reinstated in the Church and, in 1948, given temple ordinances by proxy.14
In the decades since World War II, Helmuth Hübener has been remembered for his resistance to the Nazi regime. Memorial exhibits have been installed at a vocational school in Hamburg, at the German Resistance Memorial in Berlin, and at Plötzensee Prison, where Hübener was executed. Additionally, a youth center, a school, and two streets in Hamburg bear his name.15 Since the 1940s, political, social, and religious groups have held various celebrations on January 8 (his birthday) and October 27 (his execution date) commemorating his heroism. On January 8, 2020, a school at a juvenile detention center near the Plötzensee Prison was named in Hübener’s honor.16
Related Topics: Germany, World War II