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Wilford Woodruff journal, Nov. 28, 1841, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.
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關於天使的身分,見 Karen Lynn Davidson, David J. Whittaker, Mark Ashurst-McGee, and Richard L. Jenson, eds., Histories, Volume 1: Joseph Smith Histories, 1832–1844, vol. 1 of the Histories series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, and Richard Lyman Bushman (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2012), 223 n 56.
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Davidson et al., Joseph Smith Histories, 223; punctuation regularized; Joseph Smith, “Church History,” Times and Seasons 3 (March 1, 1842): 706-7. See also Joseph Smith—History 1:33–34。
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摩爾門書9:32。亦見尼腓一書1:2。
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“Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” Saints’ Herald 26 (Oct. 1, 1879), 290. Emphasis in original.
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Joseph Smith History, 1838–ca. 1841, 8–11 (draft 2), in Karen Lynn Davidson, David J. Whittaker, Mark Ashurst-McGee, and Richard L. Jenson, eds., Histories, Volume 1: Joseph Smith Histories, 1832–1844, vol. 1 of the Histories series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, and Richard Lyman Bushman (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2012), 252–3; available at josephsmithpapers.org; Doctrine and Covenants 3:5–15。
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Joseph Smith History, ca. summer 1832, in Joseph Smith Histories, 16; Oliver Cowdery to William W. Phelps, Sept. 7, 1834, in Messenger and Advocate 1 (Oct. 1834): 14; italics in original.
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手稿因為存放於伊利諾州納府之家的房角石裡,大多於1841年至1882年間遇水而爛掉或變得模糊不清。幸未受損的幾頁後來大部分歸檔在鹽湖城的耶穌基督後期聖徒教會史記員辦公室裡。現存的原始手稿已出版在The Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon: Typographical Facsimile of the Extant Text, ed. Royal Skousen (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2001)。1829年八月至1830年初由奧利佛‧考德里和兩位不知名抄寫員作了一份原始手稿的完整複本,也就是今日所知的印刷稿。在拋邁拉的大部分印刷作業都根據這份印刷稿的格式。印刷稿出版於The Printer’s Manuscript of the Book of Mormon: Typological Facsimile of the Entire Text in Two Parts, ed. Royal Skousen (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2001)。未來,印刷稿和原始手稿都將出版在The Joseph Smith Papers裡。(Dean C. Jessee, “The Original Book of Mormon Manuscript,” BYU Studies 10, no. 3 [Spring 1970]: 261–72; Royal Skousen, “Piecing Together the Original Manuscript,” BYU Today 46, no. 3 [May 1992]: 18–24)
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例如,當約瑟翻譯到尼腓一書13:29的經文時,抄寫員在句中一個應該寫 “an”的地方寫下“&”。在尼腓一書17:48中,抄寫員把“reed”寫成 “weed”。(See Royal Skousen, “Translating the Book of Mormon: Evidence from the Original Manuscript,” in Noel B. Reynolds, ed., Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited: The Evidence for Ancient Origins [Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1997], 67; see also Grant Hardy, “Introduction,” in The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text, ed. Royal Skousen [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009], xv–xix.)
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John A. Tvedtnes, “Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon” and “Names of People: Book of Mormon,” in Geoffrey Kahn, ed., Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (Brill Online, 2013); M. Deloy Pack, “Hebraisms,” in Book of Mormon Reference Companion, ed. Dennis L. Largey (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2003), 321–25; John A. Tvedtnes, “The Hebrew Background of the Book of Mormon,” in John L. Sorenson and Melvin J. Thorne, eds., Rediscovering the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1991), 77–91; Donald W. Parry, “Hebraisms and Other Ancient Peculiarities in the Book of Mormon,” in Donald W. Parry and others, eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2002), 155–89.
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On the role of the typesetter John Gilbert, see Royal Skousen, “John Gilbert’s 1892 Account of the 1830 Printing of the Book of Mormon,” in Stephen D. Ricks and others, eds., The Disciple as Witness: Essays on Latter-day Saint History and Doctrine in Honor of Richard Lloyd Anderson (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 2000), 383–405.
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為了使摩爾門經的翻譯合乎更標準的現代英文,有些英語人士聽來古怪的文法結構在後來的摩爾門經版本中已經由約瑟‧斯密或其他人在編輯時刪除。See Richard E. Turley Jr. and William W. Slaughter, How We Got the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2011), 44–45. Approximately five-sixth of the 1830 first edition of the Book of Mormon was typeset from the printer’s manuscript. The other one-sixth was typeset from the original manuscript. (Royal Skousen, “Editor’s Preface,” in The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text, xxx.)
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列王紀上19:11–12。
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使徒行傳9:1–8;12:7–9。
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使徒行傳11:4–17;16:9–10;出埃及記28:30;利未記8:8;民數記21:9。
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Michael Hubbard MacKay, Gerrit J. Dirkmaat, Grand Underwood, Robert J. Woodford, and William G. Hartley, eds., Documents, Volume 1: July 1828–June 1831, vol. 1 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, Richard Lyman Bushman, and Matthew J. Grow (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2013), xxix.
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摩賽亞書28:14–15,20;亦見摩賽亞書8:13,19;和以帖書4:5。早年教會成立時,約瑟‧斯密似乎會將「譯具」和「眼鏡」交替使用。有位衛理公會的巡迴傳道人南茜‧托勒記述約瑟‧斯密告訴她有關「一對看起來像眼鏡的『譯具』(他對它們的稱呼),當他透過譯具看時,就會看懂鑴刻在頁片上他所不知道的語言的文字」(Nancy Towle, Vicissitudes Illustrated in the Experience of Nancy Towle, in Europe and America [Charleston: James L. Burges, 1832], 138-39)。約瑟1832年的歷史有提到「眼鏡」(Joseph Smith History, ca. summer 1832, in Joseph Smith Histories, 16)。1833年1月,由威廉‧斐普編輯的後期聖徒報紙The Evening and the Morning Star將「烏陵和土明」一詞等同於「眼鏡」和「譯具」:摩爾門經「經由一位學識不高的人,藉由一對譯具或眼鏡(也許在古代稱為烏陵和土明)的輔助,由神的恩賜和能力翻譯而成」(“The Book of Mormon,” The Evening and the Morning Star, January 1833, [2] 。)到了1835年前,約瑟‧斯密大多使用「烏陵和土明」,鮮少使用「譯具」或「眼鏡」一詞談及自己的翻譯工作。(Joseph Smith, Journal, Nov. 9-11, 1835, in Journals: Volume 1: 1832-1839, 89; Joseph Smith, History, 1834-1836, in Davidson et al., Histories, Volume 1, 116; John W. Welch, “The Miraculous Translation of the Book of Mormon,” in John W. Welch, ed., with Erick B. Carlson, Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations, 1820–1844 [Provo, UT, and Salt Lake City: Brigham Young University Press and Deseret Book, 2005], 123-28)
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約瑟‧斯密可能擁有一個以上的先見石;他似乎是在1822年左右鑿井時發現其中的一顆(Richard L. Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism [Urbana: University of Chicago Press, 1984], 69–70.)
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根據馬丁‧哈里斯的說法,有位天使命令約瑟‧斯密停止做這些事,他就在1826年停止做了。(See Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism, 64–76; and Richard Lloyd Anderson, “The Mature Joseph Smith and Treasure Searching,” BYU Studies 24, no. 4 [Fall 1984]: 489–560.) 約瑟並不否認早年自己從事尋寶,這也是眾所周知的事。1838年,他發布消息,回應這個經常被人提起的問題:「約瑟‧斯密難道不是尋寶之人?」「是的,」約瑟回答,「但那從未帶給他豐富的收入,最多一個月也只賺得14美金。」(Selections from Elders’ Journal, July 1838, 43, available at josephsmithpapers.org.) For the broader cultural context, see Alan Taylor, “The Early Republic’s Supernatural Economy: Treasure Seeking in the American Northeast, 1780–1830,” American Quarterly 38, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 6–33.
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Mark Ashurst-McGee, “A Pathway to Prophethood: Joseph Smith Junior as Rodsman, Village Seer, and Judeo-Christian Prophet,” (Master’s Thesis, Utah State University, 2000).
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例如,1841年底,約瑟‧斯密拿一顆先見石給惠福˙伍看,他在日誌中這樣寫道:「這是我的殊榮,在我有生之年第一次親眼見到烏陵和土明。」(Wilford Woodruff journal, Dec. 27, 1841, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.) 亦見教義和聖約130:10
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Cornelius Van Dam, The Urim and Thummim: A Means of Revelation in Ancient Israel (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 9–26.
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出埃及記7:9-12;30:25;40:9;利未記8:10-12;民數記21:9;約書亞記3:6-8;約翰福音9:6。
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摩爾門經的前言,1830年版。
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Minutes, Church conference, Orange, OH, Oct. 25–26, 1831, in Minute Book 2, Church History Library, Salt Lake City, available at josephsmithpapers.org; Welch, “Miraculous Translation,”,121–9.
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大致上所有關於翻譯過程的情形在威爾氏所著的 “Miraculous Translation”中都有描述。有兩個翻譯過程的敘述,包括先見石的使用,是由十二使徒定額組成員寫成,出版於教會雜誌。教會的出版品中也有歷史學家撰文有關先見石的事,包括旌旗(Ensign)和The Joseph Smith Papers。(See Neal A. Maxwell, “‘By the Gift and Power of God,’” Ensign, Jan. 1997, 36–41; Russell M. Nelson, “A Treasured Testament,” Ensign, July 1993, 61–63; Richard Lloyd Anderson, “‘By the Gift and Power of God,’” Ensign, Sept. 1977, 78–85; and Documents, Volume 1: July 1828–June 1831, xxix–xxxii.)
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阿爾瑪書37:23-24。
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“Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” Saints’ Herald 26 (Oct. 1, 1879), 289–90. 外界有些報導形容當約瑟進行翻譯時,會把這副像眼鏡的東西放在帽子裡面。拋邁拉的一份報紙在1829年8月出版過所知最早有關摩爾門經翻譯的報導:約拿單˙哈德雷是一位印刷師,可能和約瑟˙斯密談過有關翻譯的事。他宣稱頁片和「一副很大的眼鏡」放在一起,而且「斯密氏會把這副眼鏡放在帽子裡面,透過眼鏡看,就能翻譯(至少他自稱如此)這些(“Golden Bible,” Palmyra Freeman, Aug. 11, 1829, [2].)文字。1831年冬天,一位在俄亥俄州聯合村的震顫教派人士說起「形狀像眼鏡的兩顆透明石頭」,翻譯員透過那東西「去看鑴刻的文字,之後把他的臉放進帽子裡,翻譯好的文字就會浮現在他心中。」(Christian Goodwillie, “Shaker Richard McNemar: The Earliest Book of Mormon Reviewer,” Journal of Mormon History 37, no. 2 [Spring 2011]: 143.)
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“Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” 289–90.
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“One of the Three Witnesses,” Deseret Evening News, Dec. 13, 1881, 4. 馬丁˙哈里斯在這裡用「烏陵和土明」一詞指稱和頁片一起被發現的譯具。
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A. W. B., “Mormonites,” Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate 2 (Apr. 19, 1831): 120.
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Goodwillie, “Shaker Richard McNemar,” 143. For additional accounts of translation by one of the Three Witnesses, see David Whitmer Interviews: A Restoration Witness, ed. Lyndon W. Cook (Orem, UT: Grandin Book, 1991).
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Joseph Smith History, ca. Summer 1832, 1, in Histories, Volume 1, 1832–1844, 10; available at josephsmithpapers.org. Spelling modernized.
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摩羅乃書10:3–5。