‘Inisititiuti
23 Tauhele Kotoa Pē


“Tauhele Kotoa Pē,” vahe 23 ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoní: Ko e Talanoa ʻo e Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní, Voliume 1, Ko e Fuka ʻo e Moʻoní, 1815–1846 (2018)

Vahe 23: “Tauhele Kotoa Pē”

Vahe 23

Paʻanga Pepa

Tauhele Kotoa Pē

Naʻe ngāue ʻa Sione Kolosipeni ʻi hono ʻapi foʻoú ʻi Ketilani ʻi he kotoa ʻo e faʻahitaʻu fakatōlau ʻo e 1836. ʻI Nōvemá kuó ne fokotuʻu e ngaahi holisí mo e ʻató, ka naʻe teʻeki ʻosi e faliki ʻo e falé pea kei hala ha ngaahi matapā sioʻata pe matapā. Ne toutou kole ange ʻe Kalolaine ke ne fakaʻosi e falé ʻi he vave taha ʻe ala lavá, he ʻe vave pē hono fāʻeleʻi e pēpeé. Ne lelei e meʻa kotoa mo e fefine haʻana e ʻapí, Sisitā Kelenisā, ka naʻe fuʻu fie hiki ʻa Kalolaine mei he feituʻu ʻefiʻefí ki hono fale pē ʻoʻoná.1

Lolotonga e ngāue fakavavevave ʻa Sonatane ke feingaʻi e falé ke lava ʻo fai ha nofo ai kimuʻa pea haʻu ʻa e pēpeé, naʻe fanongonongo ʻe he siasí ʻenau ngaahi palani ke fokotuʻu ʻa e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní, ko ha pangikē fakakolo naʻe faʻufaʻu ke tuʻu lelei ai e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika kei feifeingaʻi ʻo Ketilaní mo tānaki ha paʻanga maʻá e siasí. Hangē ko e fanga kiʻi pangikē iiki ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, te ne ʻoatu ha nō ki he kau nō paʻangá ke nau lava ai ʻo fakatau ha kelekele mo ha ngaahi koloa, ʻo tokoni ai ke tupulaki ʻa e ʻekonōmika fakalotofonuá. ʻI hono totongi ʻe he kau noó e ngaahi nō ko ʻení mo ha totongi tupú, ʻe maʻu ai ha tupu ʻa e pangikeé.2

ʻE ʻoatu e noó ʻi ha tatau ʻo e paʻanga pepá ʻo fakatatau ki he silini maka siliva mo e koula talifaki ʻa e Sosaieti Malú. Ke tānaki e paʻanga ki he paʻanga talifaki ko ʻení, ʻe fakatau atu ʻe he pangikeé ha ʻinasi ‘i he paʻanga ngāue tefitó ki he kau ʻinivesitoá, ʻa ia ʻoku nau tukupā ke totongi honau ngaahi ʻinasí ʻi he ʻalu ʻa e taimí.3

ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo Nōvemá, ne laka hake ʻi he toko tolungofulú ʻa e kau maʻu ʻinasi ʻi he Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní, ʻo kau ai ʻa Siosefa mo Sitenei, ʻa ia naʻá na fakahū e lahi taha ʻo ʻena paʻangá ʻi he pangikeé.4 Naʻe fili ʻe he kau maʻu ʻinasí ʻa Sitenei ko e palesiteni ʻo e kautahá mo Siosefa ko e tauhi paʻangá, ʻo ne fatongia ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ʻakauni ʻi he pangikeé.5

Naʻe fononga fakahahake ʻa ʻŌliva, ʻi he maau ʻa e ngaahi palani ki he pangikeé, ke fakatau mai ha ngaahi naunau ki hono paaaki ʻo e paʻanga pepá, pea ʻalu ʻa ʻOasoni Haiti ke ʻoatu ha tohi kole ki he maʻu mafai fakalao ʻa e siteití ki ha laiseni tuʻutuʻuni ngāue kae lava ke nau fakalele fakalao ʻa e pangikeé. Lolotonga iá, naʻe poupouʻi ʻe Siosefa ʻa e Kāingalotú kotoa ke nau fakahū paʻanga ʻi he Sosaieti Malú, ʻo ne lea ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi folofola ʻi he Fuakava Motuʻá ʻa ia ne ui ki he Kau ʻIsilelí ke ʻomi ʻenau koulá mo e silivá ki he ʻEikí.6

Ne ongoʻi ʻe Siosefa naʻe hoifua e ʻEikí ki heʻenau ngaahi ngāué, peá ne palōmesi ange ʻe lelei e meʻa kotoa kapau ʻe talangofua ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he ngaahi fekau ʻa e ʻEikí.7 Naʻe kau atu mo ha Kāingalotu ki he fakahū paʻanga ʻi he Sosaieti Malú, ʻi heʻenau falala ki he ngaahi lea ʻa e palōfitá, neongo naʻe kiʻi momou ha niʻihi ke fakatau ʻinasi mei ha kautaha ʻoku teʻeki fakamoʻoniʻi haʻane ngāue. Naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e ongo Kolosipeí ke fakatau ha ʻinasi ʻi he paʻanga ngāue tefitó, ka naʻe hoko e totongi mamafa ʻo e langa hona ʻapí ke ʻikai ha toe paʻanga ki ai.8

Ne faifai pea fokotuʻu ʻe Sonatane ʻa e ngaahi matapā sioʻatá mo e matapaá ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo Tīsemá ki he falé peá na hiki leva ki ai mo Kalolaine. Naʻe teʻeki ha naunau fale ʻi loto, ka naʻe ʻi ai ʻena sitou ke tokoni ke na māfana mo fafanga kinaua. Naʻe keli foki ʻe Sonatane ha kiʻi vaitupu ofi mai ke faingofua ʻena ʻutu vaí.

Naʻe fiefia ʻa Kalolaine ke ʻi ai hano ʻapi pē ʻoʻona pea ʻi he ʻaho 19  ʻo Tīsemá, naʻá ne fāʻeleʻi ai ha kiʻi pēpē tangata moʻui lelei ʻi he tō mai ha matangi sinou lahi ʻi tuʻa.9


Ne kāpui ʻe he faʻahitaʻu momokó ʻa Ketilani, pea ʻi Sanuali 1837, naʻe fakaava ʻa e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní ko ha pisinisi.10 ʻI hono ʻuluaki ʻahó, naʻe ʻoatu ʻe Siosefa ha paʻanga pepa kei foʻou, ne toki ʻomi mei he fale pākí, mo e hingoa ʻo e kautahá mo ʻene fakamoʻoní ʻi muʻa.11 ʻI he lanhi ange ʻa e nō ʻa e Kāingalotú, ʻo faʻa lahi ngāue ʻaki honau kelekelé ki he maluʻí, ne kamata ke feʻaveʻaki e ngaahi laʻi paʻanga pepá ʻi Ketilani mo ha ngaahi feituʻu kehe.12

Naʻe ʻikai fakahū paʻanga pe nō ʻa Fīpē Kata, ʻa ia naʻá ne toki hiki mai ki Ketilani mei he tokelau hahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻi he Sosaieti Malú. Ka naʻá ne ʻi ha tuʻunga ke ne maʻu ha lelei mei he koloaʻia naʻe talaʻofa mai mei aí. Naʻá ne meimei taʻu tolungofulu mo teʻeki mali, pea ʻikai hano fāmili ʻi Ketilani ke fakafalala ki ai ki ha tokoni. Hangē ko ha kakai fefine kehe ʻi hono tūkungá, ne siʻisiʻi pē hano ngaahi faingamālie ki ha ngāue maʻuʻangamoʻui, ka te ne maʻu ha totongi lelei ʻi he tuituí mo e faiakó, ʻo hangē kuó ne fai kimuʻa peá ne hiki mai ki ʻOhaioó.13 Kapau ‘e lelei ange e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo Ketilaní, ʻe tokolahi ange ha kakai te nau maʻu paʻanga ke fakamoleki he vala foʻoú mo e akó.

Ka kia Fīpeé, ko e fili ke haʻu ki Ketilaní naʻe fakalaumālie, kae ʻikai fakaʻekonōmika. Naʻe taʻeloto ʻene ongomātuʻá ki heʻene papitaisó pea hili ʻene fakahoko ange ʻene palani ke tānaki fakataha mo e Kāingalotú, naʻe fakafepakiʻi ia ʻe heʻene fineʻeikí. Naʻá ne lea ʻaki ʻo pehē, “Fīpē, ‘e lava nai ke ke foki mai kapau te ke ʻilo ʻoku loi ʻa e Tui Faka-Māmongá?”

Naʻe palōmesi ange ʻa Fīpē, “ʻIo, Fineʻeiki, te u fai ia.”14

Ka naʻá ne ʻilo kuó ne maʻu ʻa e ongoongolelei kuo toe fakafoki mai ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí. Hili ha ngaahi māhina talu mei heʻene tūʻuta ʻi Ketilaní, naʻá ne maʻu ha tāpuaki fakapēteliake meia Siosefa Sāmita ko e Lahí ʻa ia naʻe fakapapauʻi ange kiate ia ha ngaahi totongi lahi ʻi he māmaní pea ʻi he langí. Naʻe fakahā ange ʻe he ʻEikí kiate ia, “Ke ke fiemālie, kuo ʻosi hoʻo ngaahi faingataʻaʻiá. Te ke maʻu ha moʻui fuoloa mo mamata ki ha ngaahi ʻaho lelei.”15

Naʻe fakapapauʻi mai ʻa e tāpuakí ʻa e ngaahi ongo naʻe maʻu ʻe Fīpē ʻi heʻene mavahe mei ʻapí. ʻI heʻene fuʻu lotomamahi ke lea fakamāvae tonú, naʻá ne faitohi pē ʻo tuku ʻi he tēpile ʻa e fāmilí. “ʻOua ʻe hohaʻa ki hoʻomo tamá,” ko e lea ia ʻi he tohí. “ʻOku ou tui ʻe tokangaʻi au ʻe he ʻEikí mo ʻomi kiate au ʻa e meʻa ʻoku lelei tahá.”16

Ne tui ʻa Fīpē ki he ngaahi talaʻofa ʻo hono tāpuaki fakapēteliaké. Naʻe pehē ai te ne hoko ko ha faʻē ki ha fānau tokolahi pea mali mo ha tangata poto, ʻilo lahi, mo loto mahino.17 Ka naʻe ʻikai ha fakakaukau ki ha mali, pea naʻá ne ʻilo naʻá ne motuʻa ange ʻi he tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai fefine kuo nau mali mo kamata maʻu fānaú.

ʻI ha efiafi ʻe taha ʻi Sanuali 1837, ne ʻaʻahi ai ʻa Fīpē ki ha ngaahi kaungāmeʻa ʻi heʻene fetaulaki mo ha tangata ʻulu fakapōpōʻuli mo lanu pulū maama hono kanoʻi matá. Naʻá ne lahi ʻaki ha lau ʻaho ʻiate ia pea naʻá ne toki foki mai ki Ketilani hili ʻene laka mo e ʻApitanga ʻo ʻIsilelí pea mo ngāue fakafaifekau ʻi he fakahihifo ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití.

Naʻá ne toki ʻilo ko hono hingoá ko Uilifooti Utalafi.18


Naʻe hokohoko atu e nō paʻanga lalahi ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi Ketilaní ʻi he kotoa ʻo e faʻahitaʻu momokó, ke fakatau mai ha kelekele mo ha ngaahi koloa. Ne faʻa totongi ʻe he kau pule ngāué e kau ngāué ʻaki ha paʻanga pepa, ʻa ia ʻe lava ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ko ha paʻanga moʻoni pe ʻave ki he ʻōfisi ʻo e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní ko ha nō kae maluʻi.19

Hili pē hono fakaava ʻo e Sosaieti Malú ki he pisinisí, ne ʻi ai ha tangata ko Kelenisoni Niueli naʻá ne muimuiʻi e ngaahi paʻanga pepá. Ko ha tokotaha nofo fuoloa ʻa Kelenisoni ʻi ha kolo ofi mai pea naʻá ne fehiʻa ʻia Siosefa mo e Kāingalotú. Naʻá ne maʻu ha tuʻunga maʻolunga ʻi he vahefonuá ʻo toki ngata ʻi he tūʻuta mai ʻa e Kāingalotú, pea ʻokú ne faʻa kumi ha ngaahi founga, fakalao pe taʻefakalao, ke fakakinaʻi kinautolu.20

Kapau naʻe haʻu kiate ia e kāingalotú ke kole ngāue, naʻe ʻikai ke ne fie fakangāueʻi kinautolu. Kapau naʻe malanga e kau faifekaú ʻo ofi ki hono ʻapí, naʻá ne tānaki mai ha kau tangata ke nau tolo ʻaki kinautolu ha fuaʻimoa. ʻI he kamata ʻa Toketā Filasitasi Holapati ke ne tānaki ha ngaahi fakamatala lauʻikoviʻi ke fakafepakiʻi ʻa Siosefá, naʻe tokoni ʻa Kelenisoni ke fakapaʻanga ʻene ngāué.21

Ka neongo ʻene ngaahi feingá, naʻe kei tānaki fakataha mai pē ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he ʻēliá.22

Naʻe hoko hono fakaava ʻo e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní ke ne ʻoange kia Kelenisoni ha faingamālie foʻou ke fai ʻene ngaahi fakafepakí. Naʻe fakaʻikaiʻi ʻe he falealea ʻo e siteití ke ʻoange kia ʻOasoni Haiti ha ngofua, koeʻuhi ko ʻenau hohaʻa ki he fakaʻau ke lahi ʻa e ngaahi pangikē ʻi ʻOhaioó. ʻI he ʻikai maʻu e ngofua ko ʻení, ʻe ʻikai lava ke ui ʻe he Sosaieti Malú ia ko ha pangikē, ka te ne kei lava pē ʻo fakahū paʻanga mo tuku atu ha ngaahi nō. Ko ʻene lavameʻá naʻe maʻu ia ʻi hono totongi ʻe he kau maʻu ʻinasi ʻi he paʻanga tefitó honau ʻinasí, koeʻuhí kae lava ke maʻu pē ʻe he kautahá ʻene paʻanga talifakí. Ne tokosiʻi pē ha kau maʻu ʻinasi ne nau maʻu e koloa maluʻi ke fakahoko iá, ka neongo iá, naʻe huʻuhuʻu ʻa Kelenisoni ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi e paʻanga talifaki ʻa e Sosaieti Malú ke lava ʻo lele fuoloa.23

Naʻe fononga holo ʻa Kelenisoni ʻi he feituʻu ʻutá ʻo fakatau mai ʻa e ngaahi paʻanga pepa ʻa e Sosaieti Malú, ʻi heʻene fakaʻamu ke mate ʻa e pisinisí kapau ʻe fakafetongi ʻe he kakaí ʻenau paʻanga pepá ke maʻu ha silini koula pe siliva.24 Naʻá ne ʻomi leva ʻene paʻanga pepá ki he ʻōfisi ʻo e Sosaieti Malú mo talaange ke ʻoange ha paʻanga moʻoni ke fakafetongi ʻaki. Naʻá ne fakamanamanaʻi e kau ʻōfisá ʻo talaange ka ʻikai ʻoange, te ne fakaʻilo kinautolu.25

Ne ʻikai ha toe fili ʻa Siosefa mo e Sosaieti Malú ka ke ʻoange e paʻangá mo lotua ke toe maʻu ha kau ʻinivesitoa lahi ange.


Neongo naʻe siʻisiʻi ʻaupito ʻene paʻangá, ka naʻe fakatau ʻe Uilifooti Utalafi ha ʻinasi ʻe uofulu ʻi he paʻanga ngāue tefito ʻa e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní.26 Ko hono kaungāmeʻa lelei ko Uēleni Peillisí naʻá ne hoko ko e sekelitali ʻa e Sosaieti Malú. Naʻe fononga ʻa Uilifooti mo Uēleni ki he hihifó mo hono uaifi ko Petisií ko ha konga ʻo e ʻApitanga ʻo ʻIsilelí. Hili e mālōlō ʻa Petisī ʻi he toʻumahaki kōlelá, naʻe ngāue fakafaifekau fakataha ʻa Uēleni mo Uilifooti kimuʻa pea foki ʻa Uēleni ki Ketilani ʻo hoko ko ha tangata tohi mo ha kaungāmeʻa falalaʻanga ʻo Siosefa.27

Talu mei heʻene ngāue fakafaifekaú mo e hiki holo ʻa Uilifooti mei he feituʻu ki he feituʻu, ʻo faʻa moʻui pē ʻi he angaʻofa ʻo e ngaahi kaungāmeʻa hangē ko Uēlení. Kae hili ʻene feʻiloaki mo Fīpē Katá, naʻá ne kamata ke fakakaukau ki he malí, pea ko e fakahū paʻanga ʻi he Sosaieti Malú ko ha founga ia ʻe taha te ne lava ai ʻo maʻu ha tuʻunga fakapaʻanga lelei kimuʻa pea kamata hano fāmilí.

Ka ʻi he fakaʻosinga ʻo Sanualí, naʻe fehangahangai ʻa e Sosaieti Malú mo ha palopalema faingataʻa. Lolotonga e feinga ʻa Kelenisoni Niueli ke ʻosi e paʻanga talifakí, naʻe pulusi ʻi he ngaahi nusipepa ʻi he ʻēliá ha ngaahi fakamatala ke fakatupu veiveiua ki hono tuʻunga fakalaó. Hangē ko e niʻihi kehe ʻi he fonuá, ne ʻi ai ha Kāingalotu naʻa nau fakatupu paʻanga ʻaki e kelekelé mo e koloá, ʻo ʻamanaki atu te nau tuʻumālie ʻi ha kiʻi ngāue siʻisiʻi pē. Ko e niʻihi naʻa nau taʻe tokanga ke totongi e ngaahi fakamole ʻoku fie maʻu ki honau ʻinasí. Ne ʻikai fuoloa, kuo lahi ha kau ngāue mo ha ngaahi pisinisi ʻi loto pea ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ofi ki Ketilaní naʻe ʻikai ke nau tali e paʻanga pepa ʻa e Sosaieti Malú.28

‘I heʻena manavasiʻi naʻa ʻikai ola leleí, naʻe tāpuni fakataimi ai ʻe Siosefa mo Sitenei ʻa e Sosaieti Malú peá na fononga ki ha kolo ʻe taha ke feinga ke naua ngāue mo ha pangikē ʻoku lele lelei ai.29 Ka naʻe hoko e ʻikai kamata lelei ʻa e Sosaieti Malú ke ne fakavaivaiʻi e tui ʻa ha Kāingalotu tokolahi, ʻo tataki ai kinautolu ke nau fakafehuʻia e taki fakalaumālie ʻa e palōfitá, ʻa ia ko e ʻuhinga ia naʻa nau fakahū paʻanga aí.30

ʻI he kuohilí, naʻe fakahā ʻe he ʻEikí e folofolá ʻo fakafou ʻia Siosefa, ʻo fakafaingofuaʻi kinautolu ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻenau tui ko ha palōfita ia ʻa e ʻOtuá. Ka ʻi he taimi ne hā mai ʻe ʻikai fakahoko e ngaahi fakamatala ʻa Siosefa fekauʻaki mo e Sosaieti Malú, pea kamata ke mole atu ʻenau ngaahi fakahū paʻangá, ne tokolahi ha Kāingalotu naʻa nau taʻepauʻia mo fakaangaʻi ʻa Siosefa.

Naʻe hokohoko atu e falala ʻa Uilifooti ʻe lavameʻa ʻa e Sosaieti Malú. Hili e hoa ngāue ʻa e palōfitá mo ha pangikē ʻe taha, naʻá ne foki ki Ketilani ʻo ʻoatu ha tali ki he ngaahi lāunga ʻo hono kau fakaangá.31 Kimui ange ʻi he konifelenisi lahi ʻa e siasí, naʻe lea ʻa Siosefa ki he Kāingalotú fekauʻaki mo e ʻuhinga naʻe nō paʻanga ai ʻa e siasí mo fokotuʻu ha ngaahi kautaha hangē ko e Sosaieti Malú.

Naʻá ne fakamanatu ange kiate kinautolu naʻe kamata ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e ngāue ʻo e ngaahi ʻaho kimui ní ʻi he tuʻunga tuenoa mo masivesiva ʻaupito, ka naʻe fekau ʻe he ʻEikí kiate kinautolu ke feilaulau honau taimí mo honau ngaahi talēnití ke tānaki fakataha ki Saione mo langa ha temipale. Ko e ngaahi ngāué ni, neongo ʻene totongi mamafá, naʻe mahuʻinga ki he fakamoʻui ʻo e fānau ʻa e ʻOtuá.32 Ne pau ke kumi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e siasí ha founga ke fakapaʻanga ʻaki ia, kae ʻunu ki muʻa ʻa e ngāue ʻa e ʻEikí.

Ka neongo ia, naʻe kei fakaʻiseʻisa pē ʻa Siosefa ʻi he lahi ʻo e meʻa ke totongi kiate kinautolu naʻa nau nō mei aí. Naʻá ne pehē, “Ko e moʻoni ʻoku tau moʻua kiate kinautolu, ka ko hotau ngaahi tokouá ʻi he ngaahi fonua kehé te nau haʻu mo ʻenau paʻangá.” Naʻá ne tui kapau ʻe tānaki fakataha ʻa e Kāingalotú ki Ketilani pea fakatapui ʻenau koloá ki he ʻEikí, te ne fai ha fuʻu meʻa lahi ke toʻo mei he siasí ʻa e moʻua ʻoku mafasia aí.33

Lolotonga e lea ʻa Siosefá, naʻe ongoʻi ʻe Uilifooti e mālohi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa naʻá ne lea ʻakí. Naʻá ne fakakaukau ʻo pehē, “ʻOiauē kapau naʻe lava ke tohi kinautolu ʻi homau ngaahi lotó ʻaki ha peni ukamea, ke nofo maʻu ʻo taʻengata pea mau fakahoko ia ʻi heʻemau moʻuí.” Naʻá ne fifili pe ko e hā ka fanongo ai ha taha ki he lea ʻa e palōfitá peá ne kei veiveiua kuo uiuiʻi ia ʻe he ʻOtuá.34

Ka naʻe kei hokohoko atu pē ʻa e loto veiveiuá. ʻI he kongaloto ʻo ʻEpelelí, ne toe kovi ange ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo Ketilaní ʻi he palopalema fakapaʻanga naʻe tofanga ai ʻa e puleʻangá. Ne fakavaivaiʻi ʻe he ngaahi taʻu ʻo e nō ʻo fuʻu tōtuʻá ʻa e ngaahi pangikē ʻo ʻIngilani mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻo tupu ai ha mafola ʻa e tailiilí telia naʻa hoko ha holofa fakaʻekonōmika. Naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he ngaahi pangikeé ke totongi e moʻuá, pea taʻofi fakaʻaufuli ʻe ha niʻini ke toe ʻoatu ha nō. Ne vave ʻa e mafola atu mei he kolo ki he kolo ʻa e hohaʻá ʻi he tāpuni ʻa e ngaahi pangikeé, ʻikai ola lelei e ngaahi pisinisí, pea tupu vave e lahi ʻo e taʻe maʻu ngāué.35

ʻI he tūkunga ko ʻení, ne ʻikai ha faingamālie ke moʻui ha kautaha ʻoku faingataʻaʻia hangē ko e Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní. Naʻe ʻikai lava ke fai ‘e Siosefa ha meʻa lahi ke fakaleleiʻi e palopalemá, ka naʻe faingofua ange ki ha niʻihi ke nau tukuakiʻi ia kae ʻikai ko e manavasiʻi fakaʻekōmika ʻa e fonuá.

Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo toutou fakahohaʻasi ʻa Siosefa mo Sitenei ʻe he niʻihi ne nō mei aí. Naʻe fakaʻilo ʻe ha tangata ʻe taha kinaua ʻi ha moʻua ne ʻikai totongi, pea naʻe ʻoatu ʻe Kelenisoni Niueli ha ngaahi tukuakiʻi loi ke fakafepakiʻi ʻa Siosefa, ʻo pehē naʻe ʻi ai ha ngaahi palani fakafufū ʻa e palōfitá ke fakafepakiʻi ia. ʻI he ʻalu atu ʻa e ʻaho takitaha, naʻe hohaʻa lahi ange ʻa e palōfitá naʻa puke pōpula pe fakapoongi ia.36

Naʻe fakamaʻu mali ʻeni ʻa Uilifooti mo Fīpē, pea naʻá na kole ki he palōfitá ke ne fai ʻena malí. Ka ʻi he ʻaho ʻo ʻena malí, ne ʻikai ʻiloa ia, ʻo tuku kia Feletiliki Uiliamisi ke ne fakahoko e malí.37


Hili ha taimi nounou mei he pulia fakafokifā ʻa Siosefá, naʻe maʻu ʻe ʻEma ha tohi meiate ia ʻo fakapapauʻi mai kiate ia ʻokú ne sai pē.38 Naʻá ne hola mo Sitenei mei Ketilani, ke na mamaʻo meiate kinautolu ʻoku nau fakaʻamu ke fakalaveaʻi kinauá. Ko ha fakapulipuli e feituʻu naʻá na ʻi aí, ka naʻe ʻilo ʻe Niueli Uitenī mo Hailame ʻa e founga ke fetuʻutaki ai kiate kinauá pea naʻá na faleʻi mai kinaua mei he mamaʻó.39

Naʻe mahino kia ʻEma ʻa e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ne fehangahangi mo Siosefá. ʻI he aʻu mai ʻene tohí, naʻe vakavakaiʻi ʻe ha kau tangata ʻe niʻihi—mahalo ko ha ngaahi kaungāmeʻa ʻo Kelenisoni Niueli—ʻa e sitapá ʻi haʻanau feinga ke ʻilo ʻa e feituʻu naʻá ne ʻi aí. Naʻe mataki ʻe ha niʻihi hono falekoloa ne fefeingaʻí.

Neongo naʻá ne kei fakatuʻamelie, ka naʻe hohaʻa ʻa ʻEma fekauʻaki mo e fānaú. Ne fuʻu kei siʻi hona foha taʻu taha ko Feletilikí ke mahino ki ai e meʻa naʻe hokó, ka naʻe hohaʻa ʻa e taʻu ono ko Sūliá mo e taʻu fā ko Siosefá ʻi heʻena ʻilo he ʻikai vave ha foki mai ʻena tangataʻeikí ki honau ʻapí.40

Naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe ʻEma kuo pau ke ne falala ki he ʻEikí, tautautefito ki he taimí ni ʻi he tafoki ʻa e kakai tokolahi ʻi Ketilani ki he veiveiuá mo e taʻetuí. Naʻe tohi ʻa ʻEma kia Siosefa ʻi he fakaʻosinga ʻo ʻEpelelí ʻo pehē, “Kapau he ʻikai te u maʻu ha loto-falala lahi ange ki he ʻOtuá ʻi ha niʻihi te u lava ʻo talaatu, ta ko e moʻoni ʻoku ou ʻi ha tuʻunga fakaʻofa. Ka ʻoku ou kei tui pē kapau te tau fakavaivaiʻi kitautolu pea faivelenga ki he lelei taha te tau ala lavá, ʻe fakahaofi kitautolu mei he tauhele kotoa pē ʻe ala tuku ʻi hotau vaʻé.”41

Ka neongo iá, naʻá ne hohaʻa naʻa toʻo ʻe he kakai ne nō mei ai ʻa Siosefá, ʻa e faingamālie ʻo ʻene mavahé ke nau puke ha faʻahinga koloa pē pe paʻanga te nau ala lavá. Naʻá ne fakahā ʻene lotomamahí ʻo pehē, “ʻOku taʻemalava ke u fai ha meʻa ʻi he lahi ange ʻa e totonu ʻa e taha kotoa ki he meʻa ʻoku ʻaʻaú, ʻiate au.”

Naʻe ʻosi mateuteu ʻa ʻEma ke ne foki mai ki ʻapi. Ne siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e kakai naʻá ne falala ki ai he taimi ní, pea naʻá ne momou ke ʻave ki ha taha ha faʻahinga meʻa naʻe ʻikai tokoni ke totongi e moʻua ʻo Siosefá. Pea toe kovi angé, naʻá ne manavasiʻi kuo maʻu ʻe heʻena fānaú e mīselé.

Naʻá ne tohi ʻo pehē, “ʻOku ou fakaʻamu naʻe lava ke ke ʻi ʻapi ʻi heʻenau puké. Kuo pau ke ke manatuʻi kinautolu, he ʻoku nau manatuʻi kotoa koe.”42


Lolotonga e faingataʻá ni, naʻe foki atu ʻa Paʻale mo Fakafetaʻi ki Ketilani ki hono fāʻeleʻi ʻo ʻena pēpeé. Hangē ko ia naʻe kikiteʻi ‘e Hīpá, naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻe Fakafetaʻi ha kiʻi pēpē tangata, ʻa ia naʻá na fakahingoa kia Paʻale. Ka naʻá ne fuʻu faingataʻaʻia lolotonga ʻene feinga ke fāʻelé, peá ne mālōlō hili pē ha ngaahi houa siʻi mei ai. ʻI he ʻikai ke ne lava ʻo tokangaʻi toko taha hono foha kei pēpeé, naʻe tuku ai ia ʻe Paʻale ki ha fefine te ne lava ʻo tauhi ʻa e tamasiʻi valevalé ka ne foki ki Kānata. Naʻá ne kamata ai ke palani ha ngāue fakafaifekau ki ʻIngilani ʻi he tokoni ʻa e Kāingalotu hangē ko Siosefa Filitingí, ʻa ia naʻá ne tohi fekauʻaki mo e ongoongolelei kuo toe fakafoki maí ki he ngaahi kaungāmeʻa mo e kāinga ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó.43

Hili e ʻosi ʻene ngāue fakafaifekau ki Kānatá, naʻe foki ʻa Paʻale ki ʻOhaiō ʻo mali mo ha uitou kei talavou ʻi Ketilani ko Mele Ane Folosita. Naʻá ne maʻu foki ha tohi meia Tōmasi Maasi, ko e palesiteni ʻo e Kōlomu ʻo e Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá, ʻo kole ange ke toloi e ngāue fakafaifekau ki ʻIngilaní kae ʻoua kuo fakataha ʻa e kau ʻaposetoló ko ha kōlomu ʻi he faʻahitaʻu māfana ko iá, ʻi Ketilani.44

Lolotonga e tatali ʻa Paʻale ki he kau ʻaposetolo kehé ke fakataha maí, naʻe foki mai ʻa Siosefa mo Sitenei ki Ketilani mo feinga ke totongi hona moʻuá mo fakaleleiʻi e fekeʻikeʻi ʻi he Kāingalotú.45

Hili ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi mei ai, naʻe ʻaʻahi ʻa Sitenei kia Paʻale ʻo talaange kuó ne haʻu ke tānaki ha mouʻa kuo fuoloa hono taʻetotongí. ʻI ha taimi kimuʻa ange, naʻe nō atu ʻe Siosefa kia Paʻale ha $2,000 ke fakatau ha konga kelekele ʻi Ketilani. Ke totongi hono moʻuá, kuo tuku atu ʻe Siosefa ʻa e moʻua ʻo Paʻalé ki he Sosaieti Malú, pea ʻoku tānaki leva ʻe Sitenei ʻa e paʻangá.

Naʻe talaange ʻe Paʻale kia Sitenei naʻe ʻikai ke ne maʻu ʻa e $2,000 ka naʻá ne fie fakafoki ʻa e kelekelé ke totongi ʻaki. Naʻe talaange ʻe Sitenei kuo pau ke ne ʻoange hono falé fakataha mo e kelekelé kae lava ke totongi e moʻuá.46

Naʻe ʻita ʻaupito ʻa Paʻale. ʻI hono fuofua fakatau ange ʻe Siosefa e kelekelé, naʻá ne talaange kia Paʻale he ʻikai ha kovi ʻe hoko ki ai ʻi he aleá. Kae fēfē ʻa e tāpuaki ʻa Hiipa Kimipolo naʻe talaʻofa ange ai ha ngaahi koloa taʻefaʻalaua pea ʻikai hano moʻuá? Naʻe ongoʻi heni ʻe Paʻale ʻo hangē naʻe toʻo ʻe Siosefa mo Sitenei ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē naʻá ne maʻú. Kapau ʻe mole hono kelekelé mo hono ʻapí, ko e hā te ne fai mo hono fāmilí?47

ʻI he ʻaho hono hokó, naʻe ʻoatu ai ʻe Paʻale ha tohi mo ʻene ʻitá kia Siosefa. Naʻá ne tohi ʻo pehē, “Kuó u tui moʻoni ʻi ha taimi fuoloa ko e fakatupu paʻanga kotoa naʻa tau kau ki aí ʻoku ʻo e tēvoló ia, ʻa ia kuó ne fakalalahi e loí, kākaá, mo hono ngaohikovia hoto kaungāʻapí.” Naʻe talaange ʻe Paʻale kia Siosefa ʻokú ne kei tui ki he Tohi ʻa Molomoná mo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá, ka naʻe fakahohaʻasi ia ʻe he ngaahi ngāue ʻa e palōfitá.

Naʻá ne fie maʻu ke fakatomala ‘a Siosefa pea tali ʻa e kelekelé ko e totongi ʻo hono moʻuá. Ka ʻikai, te ne fie maʻu ke fai ha ngāue fakalao.

Naʻá ne fakatokanga ʻo pehē, “Te u fai ʻa e meʻa fakamamahi ʻe fie maʻu ke faí, ʻa ia ko hono fakaʻilo koe ki he fakamālohi, manumanu, mo hono ngaohikovia ʻo ho tokouá.”48


ʻI he ʻaho 28  ʻo Meé, hili ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi mei hono ʻoatu ʻe Paʻale ʻene tohi kia Siosefá, naʻe ʻaluʻa Uilifooti Utalafi ki he temipalé ki ha lotu he Sāpaté. ʻI he fakalalahi ʻa e angatuʻú ʻi Ketilaní, naʻe kei hoko pē ʻa Uilifooti ko e taha ʻo e kau poupou mālohi taha kia Siosefá. Ka ko Uēleni Peillisi, ʻa ia naʻá ne ngāue fakataha mo Siosefa ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahí, kuó ne kamata fakaangaʻi e palōfitá ʻi hono fatongia ʻi he palopalema fakapaʻangá pea vave pē ʻene hoko ko ha taki ʻo e kau angatuʻú.

Naʻe lotu ʻa Uilifooti ke mole atu ʻa e laumālie fakakikihi naʻe ʻi he siasí.49 Ka he ʻikai ke ne ʻi Ketilani ʻo fuoloa ange ke tokoni. Kimuí ni maí, kuó ne ongoʻi hano ueʻi fakalaumālie ia ke ne ʻave ʻa e ongoongoleleí ki he ʻOtu Motu Fōkasí, ʻi he matāfanga fakatokelau hahake ʻo e siteiti ko Meiní, ʻo ofi ki he ʻapi ʻo e ongomātuʻa ʻa Fīpeé. Naʻá ne ʻamanaki ʻi heʻene fononga ki aí, te ne maʻu e faingamālie ke akoʻi e ongoongoleleí ki heʻene ongomātuʻá mo hono tuofefine siʻisiʻi angé. ʻE toki ʻalu atu ʻa Fīpē ke na feʻiloaki mo hono fāmilí mo ʻave ia ki he tokelau mamaʻo angé ke feʻiloaki mo ʻene ongomātuʻá.50

Neongo ʻene vekeveke ke ʻalu ʻo nofo mo hono fāmilí, naʻe kei hohaʻa pē ʻa Uilifooti fekauʻaki mo Siosfa mo e tūkunga ʻo e siasí ʻi Ketilaní. ʻI heʻene tangutu hifo ʻi he temipalé, naʻá ne sio kia Siosefa ʻi he tuʻunga malangá. Naʻe hā ngali mafasia lahi ʻa e palōfitá, ʻi heʻene fehangahangai mo e fakafepaki ne lahi ʻaupitó. Kuo mole haʻane paʻanga ʻe lau afe ʻi he ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e Sosaieti Malú, ʻo laka ange ʻi ha toe taha kehe.51 Pea ʻikai hange ko e tokolahi kehé, naʻe teʻeki ke ne liʻaki ʻa e kautahá ʻi heʻene kamata molé.

ʻI heʻene sio fakamamaʻu atu ki he haʻofangá, naʻe maluʻi ʻe Siosefa ia mei hono kau fakaangá, ʻo ne lea ʻi he huafa ʻo e ʻEikí.

ʻI he fanongo ʻa Uilifōtí, naʻe lava ke ne mamata ki hono nofoʻia ʻe he mālohi mo e Laumālie ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻa Siosefá. Naʻá ne toe ongoʻi foki ʻoku ʻia Sitenei mo e niʻihi kehé ʻi heʻenau tuʻu ʻi he tuʻunga malangá mo fakamoʻoniʻi e faitotonu ʻa Siosefá.52 Kae kimuʻa pea fakaʻosi ʻa e lotú, naʻe tuʻu hake ʻa Uēleni ki ʻolunga ʻo fakahalaiaʻi ʻa Siosefa ʻi muʻa ʻi he haʻofangá.

Ne tō hifo e loto ʻo Uilifōtí ʻi heʻene fanongo ki he lāungá. Naʻá ne mamahi mo pehē, “ʻOiauē, Uēleni, Uēleni.”53

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

  1. Jonathan Crosby, Autobiography, 15; Caroline Barnes Crosby, Reminiscences, [53]–[54]; see also Lyman and others, No Place to Call Home, 46.

  2. Historical Introduction to Constitution of the Kirtland Safety Society Bank, Nov. 2, 1836, ʻi he JSP, D5:300; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:285–90; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 463. Tefitó: Kirtland Safety Society (Sosaieti Malu ʻo Ketilaní)

  3. Kirtland Safety Society Notes, Jan. 4–Mar. 9, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:331–40; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 463–64; Historical Introduction to Constitution of the Kirtland Safety Society Bank, Nov. 2, 1836, ʻi he JSP, D5:302.

  4. Mortgage to Peter French, Oct. 5, 1836, ʻi he JSP, D5:293–99; Kirtland Safety Society, Stock Ledger, 1836–37; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:285–86; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 464.

  5. Historical Introduction to Constitution of the Kirtland Safety Society Bank, Nov. 2, 1836, ʻi he JSP, D5:303; JSP, D5:304, note 91; “Minutes of a Meeting,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, Mar. 1837, 3:476–77; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 465.

  6. Historical Introduction to Kirtland Safety Society Notes, Jan. 4–Mar. 9, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:331; Joseph Smith History, 1838–56, volume B-1, 750; Articles of Agreement for the Kirtland Safety Society Anti-Banking Company, Jan. 2, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:324, 329–31; vakai foki, ʻĪsaia 60:9, 17; 62:1.

  7. Woodruff, Journal, Jan. 6, 1837.

  8. Jonathan Crosby, Autobiography, 14–15.

  9. Caroline Barnes Crosby, Reminiscences, [39].

  10. “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:286; Kirtland Safety Society Notes, Jan. 4–Mar. 9, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:331–35.

  11. Woodruff, Journal, Jan. 6, 1837; Kirtland Safety Society Notes, Jan. 4–Mar. 9, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:331–40.

  12. Editorial, LDS Messenger and Advocate, July 1837, 3:536; Willard Richards to Hepzibah Richards, Jan. 20, 1837, Levi Richards Family Correspondence, Church History Library; Historical Introduction to Mortgage to Peter French, Oct. 5, 1836, ʻi he JSP, D5:295; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:286; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 481.

  13. Ulrich, “Leaving Home,” 451; vakai, Kirtland Safety Society, Stock Ledger, 1836–37.

  14. Tullidge, Women of Mormondom, 412.

  15. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 1837. Tefitó: Patriarchal Blessings (Ngaahi Tāpuaki Faka-Pēteliaké)

  16. Phebe Carter to Family, circa 1836, in Wilford Woodruff Collection, Church History Library.

  17. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 1837.

  18. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 10, 1837.

  19. Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 481–84.

  20. Hall, Thomas Newell, 132–34; Adams, “Grandison Newell’s Obsession,” 160–63.

  21. “The Court of Common Pleas,” Chardon Spectator and Geauga Gazette, Oct. 30, 1835, 2; Eber D. Howe, Statement, Apr. 8, 1885; Maria S. Hurlbut, Statement, Apr. 15, 1885, in Collection of Manuscripts about Mormons, 1832–54, Chicago History Museum; Adams, “Grandison Newell’s Obsession,” 168–73.

  22. Young, Account Book, Jan. 1837; “Our Village,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, Jan. 1837, 3:444; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 482; vakai foki, Agreement with David Cartter, Jan. 14, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:341–43; and Agreement with Ovid Phinney and Stephen Phillips, Mar. 14, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:344–48. Tefitó: Opposition to the Early Church (Fakafepaki ʻi he Kamataʻanga ʻo e Siasí)

  23. An Act to Prohibit the Issuing and Circulating of Unauthorized Bank Paper [Jan. 27, 1816], Statutes of the State of Ohio, 136–39; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:288–89.

  24. Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 468–77.

  25. Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 484;JSP, D5:287, note 19; 329, note 187.

  26. Kirtland Safety Society, Stock Ledger, 219; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 391.

  27. Woodruff, Journal, June 28, 1835; JSP, D4:72, note 334; “Parrish, Warren Farr,” Biographical Entry, Joseph Smith Papers website, josephsmithpapers.org; see also Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 465, 480.

  28. Kimball, “History,” 47–48; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 482–84; “A New Revelation—Mormon Money,” Cleveland Weekly Gazette, Jan. 18, 1837, [3]; “Mormon Currency,” Cleveland Daily Gazette, Jan. 20, 1837, 2; “Rags! Mere Rags!!,” Ohio Star, Jan. 19, 1837; Jonathan Crosby, Autobiography, 16; Woodruff, Journal, Jan. 24 and Apr. 9, 1837; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:287–90.

  29. “Bank of Monroe,” Painesville Republican, Feb. 9, 1837, [2]; “Monroe Bank,” Painesville Telegraph, Feb. 24, 1837, [3]; “Kirtland,—Mormonism,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, Apr. 1837, 3:490–91; “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” ʻi he JSP, D5:291; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 492–501.

  30. Woodruff, Journal, Jan. 10 and 17, 1837; Feb. 19, 1837; Charges against Joseph Smith Preferred to Bishop’s Council, May 29, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:393–97.

  31. Woodruff, Journal, Feb. 19, 1837.

  32. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 6, 1837.

  33. Joseph Smith, Discourse, Apr. 6, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:352–57.

  34. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 6, 1837.

  35. “For the Republican,” Painesville Republican, Feb. 16, 1837, [2]–[3]; Staker, Hearken, O Ye People, 498; “Joseph Smith Documents from October 1835 through January 1838,” ʻi he JSP, D5:xxx.

  36. Transcript of Proceedings, June 5, 1837, State of Ohio on Complaint of Newell v. Smith, Geauga County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas Record Book T, 52–53, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, Ohio; Woodruff, Journal, May 30, 1837; Hall, Thomas Newell, 135; Historical Introduction to Letter from Newel K. Whitney, Apr. 20, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:367–69.

  37. Woodruff, Journal, Apr. 13, 1837; vakai foki, “The Humbug Ended,” Painesville Republican, June 15, 1837, [2].

  38. Historical Introduction to Letter from Emma Smith, Apr. 25, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:371.

  39. Newel K. Whitney to Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, Apr. 20, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:370.

  40. Emma Smith to Joseph Smith, Apr. 25, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:372; Emma Smith to Joseph Smith, May 3, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:376. Tefitó: Joseph and Emma Hale Smith Family (Fāmili ʻo Siosefa mo ʻEma Heili Sāmitá)

  41. Emma Smith to Joseph Smith, Apr. 25, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:372.

  42. Emma Smith to Joseph Smith, May 3, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:375–76. Tefitó: ʻEma Heili Sāmita

  43. Woodruff, Journal, Mar. 26, 1837; Pratt, Autobiography, 181–83; Givens and Grow, Parley P. Pratt, 92.

  44. Pratt, Autobiography, 181–83, 188; Geauga County, Ohio, Probate Court, Marriage Records, 1806–1920, volume C, 220, May 14, 1837, microfilm 873,464, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, Family History Library; Givens and Grow, Parley P. Pratt, 93–95; Thomas B. Marsh and David W. Patten to Parley P. Pratt, May 10, 1837, ʻi he Joseph Smith Letterbook 2, 62–63.

  45. Pratt, Autobiography, 183; Historical Introduction to Notes Receivable from Chester Store, May 22, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:383–84; Historical Introduction to Letter from Parley P. Pratt, May 23, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:386–87.

  46. Historical Introduction to Letter from Parley P. Pratt, May 23, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:386–87.

  47. Vakai, Givens and Grow, Parley P. Pratt, 97–98.

  48. Parley P. Pratt to Joseph Smith, May 23, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:389–91. Naʻe ʻuluaki pulusi ʻa e tohi ʻa Paʻalé ʻi he taʻu hono hokó ʻi ha nusipepa fakafepaki. Ki hano ʻanalaiso lahi ange, vakai, Historical Introduction to Letter from Parley P. Pratt, May 23, 1837, ʻi he JSP, D5:386–89; and Pratt, Autobiography, 183–84.

  49. Woodruff, Journal, May 28, 1831. Tefitó: Dissent in the Church (Angatuʻu ʻi he Siasí)

  50. Woodruff, Journal, May 31 and July 16, 1837; Woodruff, Leaves from My Journal, 26; vakai foki, Ulrich, House Full of Females, 17–18. Tefitó: (Early Missionaries) Fuofua Kau Faifekaú

  51. “Joseph Smith Documents from October 1835 through January 1838,” ʻi he JSP, D5:xxxii.

  52. Woodruff, Journal, May 28, 1837; West, Few Interesting Facts, 14.

  53. Woodruff, Journal, May 28, 1837.