Ko e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlau ʻo e 1836, naʻe fakakaukau ai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ke fokotuʻu ha pangikē ʻi Ketilani, ʻOhaiō. Naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻi Ketilaní, hangē ko e kakai ʻi he tukui kolo iiki ʻi ʻAmelika ʻi he taimi ko iá, haʻanau pangikē ʻanautolu pē. ʻI ha tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika naʻe fakatefito ʻi he ngoué, ʻa ia naʻe meimei ko e koloa ʻa e kakaí ko e kelekelé, naʻe ʻikai ngata pē ʻi hono fakaʻatā ʻe he ngaahi pangikē fakalotofonuá ʻa e ngaahi noó, ka ne nau lava foki ke vilohi ʻenau paʻanga pē ʻanautolu ke fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e fakafetongi koloá mo e ngāué, ʻo fakalahi leva ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká. Naʻe hoko ʻa e taumuʻa ʻo e tupulaki fakaʻekonōmiká ko ha ʻuhinga fakalotu foki ia ki he Kāingalotu ʻi he kuonga muʻá: ke fakalahi ʻa e koló ke tānaki fakataha ki ai ʻa e kau papi uluí, ke tokoni ki he Kāingalotu ʻi Mīsulí ʻa ia naʻe tuli mei honau ngaahi ʻapí, ke tufaki ʻa e ongoongoleleí, pea iku ai ki hano fokotuʻu ʻo Saione.

Laʻi paʻanga ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻa Ketilaní naʻe fakamoʻoni hingoa ki ai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo Sitenei Likitoni.

ʻI ʻOkatopa 1836, naʻe kamata tānaki ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e paʻanga mei he kau maʻu ʻinasí ke fakaava ʻaki ʻa e Pangikē ki he Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní, ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he ʻaho 2  ʻo Nōvemá, pea naʻe hoko ai ʻa Sitenei Likitoni mo Siosefa Sāmita ko e ongo ʻofisa.¹ Ka ʻi he faʻahitaʻu momoko ko iá, naʻe ʻikai fakaʻatā ʻe he fakamaauʻanga fakafonuá ha ngofua fakapangikē ki he Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní pe ko ha toe pangikē foʻou kehe. Naʻe liliu ʻe he kau talēkita ʻo e sosaietí ʻi Sānuali ʻenau ngaahi palaní ke ngāue taʻe ʻi ai ha ngofua mei he puleʻangá, ʻo hangē ko ia ne fai ʻe he ngaahi pangikē kehé, koeʻuhí ko e faingataʻa ko ia ke maʻu ha ngofua mei he fakamaauʻangá.²

Ka neongo iá, naʻe fehangahangai ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní mo ha ngaahi faingataʻa kehekehe, pea naʻe lau māhina ʻenau fefaʻuhí kimuʻa pea ʻikai ke nau toe fai fatongia ʻi ʻAokosi 1837.³ Ko hono olá, naʻe aʻusia ʻe ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ha tōnounou fakapaʻanga, kae tautautefito kia Siosefa Sāmita naʻe lahi fau ʻene molé. Naʻe hoko ʻa e vahaʻataimi ko iá ke ʻahiʻahiʻi ai e tui ʻo ha kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻa ʻa e sosaietí, fakataha mo ha ngaahi pole fakaʻekonōmika lahi ange, ke kamata ai ha fekeʻikeʻi ʻi he Siasí pea tupu ai ha hikifononga ʻo ha Kāingalotu faivelenga tokolahi ki Mīsuli.

Ngaahi ʻUhinga ki he Mole ʻa e Sosaietí

Naʻe lahi e ngaahi ʻuhinga naʻe faingataʻaʻia ai ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní. Naʻe sio ha kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí ki he ngaahi vaivai ʻi honau koló, ʻo tukuakiʻi e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ki heʻenau taʻemalava ke tokateu ki he ngaahi palopalemá, ʻa e kakaí ki heʻenau fakatau kelekelé mo e fakamole ʻo fuʻu tōtuʻá, pe tukuakiʻi e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí fakalūkufua koeʻuhí ko e ʻikai ke nau poupou lelei ki he sosaietí. Ka neongo iá, naʻe ʻikai pule ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he ngaahi meʻa kotoa ko iá. Naʻe kau foki mo e ngaahi fakafepaki mei tuʻá, ʻa ia naʻe faʻa fakatupu ʻe he tāufehiʻa ki he kakai Māmongá, ʻi hono fakavaivaiʻi ʻo e sosaietí.⁴

Naʻe fehālaaki foki mo e taimi ne fokotuʻu ai e sosaietí, he naʻe fokotuʻu ia kimuʻa siʻi pē ʻi he taimi tōlalo fakapaʻanga fakafonua naʻe ʻiloa ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ko e Panic ʻo e 1837. Naʻe ʻikai ke hoko ʻa e ngaahi feinga fakaʻekonōmika ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻiate ia pē taʻe kau ai e toenga ʻo e māmaní; naʻe fakafalala ia ki he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻa ia naʻe tākiekina lahi ʻi he taimi ko iá ʻe he tuʻutuʻuni ki he paʻanga tukuhau ʻo Pilitāniá. Koeʻuhí ko e māʻolunga ange ʻa e totongi tupú ʻi Pilitāniá, fakataha mo e ngaahi liliu ki he tuʻutuʻuní ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití naʻá ne fakafeʻātungiaʻi ai ʻa hono fakatau atu ʻo e kelekelé mo e ngāue fakapangikē ʻa e fonuá, naʻe tupu ai ha tōlalo fakaʻekonōmika fuoloa ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití.⁵ Naʻe holo ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e kelekelé mo e ngoué, pea iku ai ʻo mole ʻa e ngaahi pangikeé, pisinisí mo e ngaahi vahefonua lahi ʻi he U.S. ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ne hoko maí.

ʻUhinga Fakalao mo Fakapolitikale

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu lahi kimuʻa ʻi he tōlalo fakapaʻanga ʻo e 1837, naʻe fai ha fekihiaki lahi ʻi he founga ʻoku totonu ke puleʻi ai ʻe he puleʻanga ʻAmeliká ʻa e ngāue fakapangikeé mo e paʻangá. Koeʻuhí naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he kakaí ha founga ki he fakafetongi koloá, naʻa nau faʻa fakafalala ai ki he paʻanga ne ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi pangikē fakalotofonuá, kautahá, pe ngaahi pisinisi kehé kae ʻikai ko e koulá, silivá, pe ko e paʻanga fakangatangata ne ʻomi ʻe he puleʻangá. Naʻe feinga ʻa e kau foaki paʻanga fakangatangatá (hard-money advocates) ke fakafepakiʻi e faʻahinga founga peheé pea ne nau fakaʻamu ke fakamamafaʻi e lao ki he paʻangá pea maluʻi ʻaki ʻa e koula. Naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he kau foaki paʻanga tauʻatāiná (soft-money advocates) ia ke faingofua ange ʻa e ngāue fakapaʻangá mo fehūʻaki tauʻatāina ʻa e ngaahi paʻanga fakapuleʻangá mo e fakafoʻituituí ke poupouʻi ai e fakalakalaka fakaʻekonōmiká. Ko e taimi naʻe tufaki ai ʻe he Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní ʻenau paʻanga pē ʻanautolú, naʻe tuʻu tatau ia mo e meʻa naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he kau foaki paʻanga tauʻatāiná ka naʻe tuʻu fehangahangai ia mo e lao fakafonua ʻo e 1816 naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau foaki paʻanga fakangatangatá.⁶ Neongo naʻe tātātaha ke fakaʻilo ha taha koeʻuhí ko e lao ʻo e 1816, ka naʻe fakatou fakaʻilo mo moʻua ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo Sitenei Likitoni koeʻuhí ko e fakakaukau ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní ke faʻu ʻenau paʻanga pē ʻanautolúKo e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní.⁷

Ngaahi Tali ʻa e Kāingalotú

Naʻe faingataʻaʻia ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi Ketilaní ʻi he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo e 1837.⁸ Naʻe hoko e tōlalo ʻi he mahuʻinga ʻo e kelekelé ke fakatupu ai ha faingataʻaʻia ʻi ha kolo ʻa ia naʻe tokolahi e kakai ne kei ʻi ai hanau moʻua paʻanga ki he ngoue mo e ʻapi ne nau fakatau maí ʻo hulu fau ange ia ʻi honau mahuʻinga ʻi he 1837. Naʻe tautefito hono faingataʻa ke matuʻuaki ʻa e tōlalo fakaʻekonōmiká ki he Kāingalotu Ketilaní koeʻuhí ko ʻenau fakatuʻamelie ki he kahaʻu fakaʻekonōmika ʻa e fonuá, ʻa ia naʻe pouaki ʻaki ha fakamatala meia Siosefa Sāmita mo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí.⁹ Naʻe kau ʻi he fakatuʻamelie ko iá ha ongoʻi ʻe ola lelei ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní kapau ʻe faivelenga ʻa e Kāingalotú.¹⁰ Ko e taimi ne hoko ai ʻa e fakamamahi fakaʻekonōmiká kae ʻikai ko ha tuʻumālié, naʻe aʻusia ʻe ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ha ʻahiʻahiʻi ʻo ʻenau tuí.

Naʻe fakahāhā ʻe ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ʻenau taʻefiemālie ʻia Siosefa Sāmita lolotonga e vahaʻataimi ko iá. Naʻe taʻetali ʻe ha kulupu naʻe taki ʻe Uēleni Peilisi ʻa e tuʻunga fakatakimuʻa ʻo Siosefá peá ne fokotuʻu ai ha siasi naʻe ʻikai tolonga ʻo fuoloa. Naʻe fakahā ʻe ha kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi, hangē ko Paʻale P. Pālatí, ʻenau ngaahi ongoʻi lavakiʻí mo e taʻefiemālié ka naʻe taimi nounou pē kuo nau toe foki mai ki he [Siasí]. Naʻe tokolahi ha Kāingalotu Ketilani ne nau kei faivelenga pē ka naʻa nau mātā ʻa e angatuʻu honau ngaahi kaungāmeʻá ʻo aʻu pē ki heʻenau mavahe mei he Siasí.¹¹

ʻI he 1838, naʻe hiki ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí mo ha tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotu Ketilaní ki Mīsuli ʻi he taimi ne hokohoko ai ʻenau fehangahangai mo e fakatangá, ngaahi fakamanamana ʻo e fakamamahí mo e ngaahi faingataʻa fakaʻekonōmiká mo fakalaó.¹² Pea naʻa mo e mavahe ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mei ʻOhaioó, naʻe kei hoko atu pē ʻa e ngāue ke totongi ʻene ngaahi meʻa fakapaʻanga ʻi ʻOhaioó. Naʻe hoko atu ʻe ʻŌliva Kelenisā, ʻa ia naʻá ne tokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakapaʻanga ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ʻi Ketilaní, ke totongi e ʻū toenga moʻua ʻi he feituʻu ko iá ʻo aʻu ki he mālōlō ʻa Kelenisā ʻi he 1841, pea hoko atu ʻe Lūpeni Mekipalaiti ʻa e ngaahi fatongia fakapaʻanga ko ʻení.¹³

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

Brent M. Rogers, Elizabeth A. Kuehn, Christian K. Heimburger, Max H Parkin, Alexander L. Baugh, and Steven C. Harper, eds., Documents, Volume 5: October 1835–January 1838. Vol. 5 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 285–440.

Elizabeth Kuehn and Mason Allred, “The Kirtland Bank: Q&A,” LDS.org.

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. ‘I Nōvema 1836, naʻe lekooti ai ne hoko ʻa Sitenei Likitoni ko e palesiteni pea hoko ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ko e tokotaha tali totongi, ka ʻi he hili ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu foʻou ʻi Sānuali 1837, naʻe lekooti ai ne hoko ʻa Sitenei Likitoni ko e sekelitali pea hoko ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ko e tauhi paʻanga. Naʻe fakatou fakafisi ʻa e ongo tangatá ʻi he vahaʻataimi ʻo e ʻaho 8  ʻo Suné ki he ʻaho 7  ʻo Siuali, 1838, pea naʻe fetongi kinaua ʻe Feletiliki G. Uiliami mo Uēleni Peilisi. See “Kirtland Safety Society,” josephsmithpapers.org.

2. “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” in Brent M. Rogers, Elizabeth A. Kuehn, Christian K. Heimburger, Max H Parkin, Alexander L. Baugh, and Steven C. Harper, eds., Documents, Volume 5: October 1835–January 1838. Vol. 5 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 285–86. Ki ha fealeaʻaki ʻoku fakatefito ʻi he fakamatala fakalao ki he Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní, vakai, Jeffery N. Walker “The Kirtland Safety Society and the Fraud of Grandison Newell: A Legal Examination,” BYU Studies, vol. 54, no. 3, 32–148.

3. “Part 6: 20 April–14 September 1837,” in Rogers and others, Documents, Volume 5, 366.

4. Hangē ko ʻení, naʻe feinga lahi ʻa Kalatisoni Niueli ke fakafeʻātungiaʻi ʻa e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní. See Dale W Adams, “Grandison Newell’s Obsession,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 30, no. 1 (2004), 159–88.

5. Ki ha fealeaʻaki fekauʻaki mo e Tōlalo Fakapaʻanga ʻo e 1837 (Panic of 1837), vakai, Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 502–4,870–71.

6. “Part 5: 5 October 1836–10 April 1837,” in Rogers and others, Documents, Volume 5, 291–92.

7. “Agreement, 4 January 1838,” Historical Introduction, in Rogers and others, Documents, Volume 5, 490.

8. W. A. Cowdery, ed., Editorial, in Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate, vol. 3, no. 9 (June 1837), 520–21.

9. Hangē ko ʻeni, ʻi Tīsema ʻo e 1836, naʻe aleaʻi ʻe ha fakamatala naʻe fai ʻe Sitenei Likitoni ʻa e koloa ʻe fie maʻu ʻe he Kāingalotú kae lava ke tufaki ʻa e ongoongoleleí ki he funga ʻo e māmaní pea malava ai ke fakahoko ʻa e kikite fekauʻaki mo e fakaʻofoʻofa mo e nāunau ʻo Saioné pea ʻoku fakamatala ai ʻe faitāpuekina ʻe he ʻEikí e ngāue ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻaki ʻa e tuʻumālie. Vakai, Sidney Rigdon, “The Saints and the World,” Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate, vol. 3, no. 3 (Dec. 1836), 417–23. ʻI he konifelenisi ʻi he ʻaho 6  ʻo ʻEpeleli, 1837, naʻe fai ʻi he Temipale Ketilaní, naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ha kahaʻu monūʻia mo tupulaki maʻa Ketilani “hangē ko ia naʻá ne maʻu ʻi he fakahaá,” lolotonga iá naʻe fakatou akoʻi ʻe Hailame Sāmita mo Sitenei Likitoni kapau ʻe faivelenga mo ngāue mālohi ʻa e Kāingalotú, ʻe hoko ʻa Ketilani ko ha feituʻu haoʻanga mo malu. Vakai, Wilford Woodruff journal, Apr. 6, 1837, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

10. ʻI ha fealeaʻaki ʻi he ʻaho 6  ʻo Sānuali, 1837, fekauʻaki mo e Sōsaieti Maluʻi ʻo Ketilaní, naʻe pehē ai ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ki he Kāingalotú kapau te nau “tokanga ki he Ngaahi Fekau kuo foaki ʻe he ʻEikí ʻi he pongipongi ní, ʻe lelei ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē.” See Wilford Woodruff journal, Jan. 6, 1837.

11. Vakai ki he Tefito “Dissent in the Church (Angatuʻu ʻi he Siasí).”

12. Naʻe mavahe ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo Sitenei Likitoni ʻi he ʻaho 12  ʻo Sānuali, 1838, hili ia ʻena fekumi ki ha fakahā ke ʻiloʻi e meʻa ke faí; naʻe muimui atu ai ʻa Hailame Sāmita ʻi Māʻasi (vakai, “Revelation, 12 January 1838–C,” Historical Introduction, in Rogers and others, Documents, Volume 5, 500–501). Naʻe hikifonua fakafoʻituitui ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi, ka naʻe kamata ʻi he ʻaho 6  ʻo Siulai, 1838 ʻa e fononga fakataha ha kulupu tokolahi naʻe ʻiloa ko e ʻApitanga Ketilaní, ʻa ia naʻe taki ʻe he kau Palesiteni ʻe toko fitu ʻo e Kau Fitungofulú (vakai Alexander L. Baugh, “Kirtland Camp, 1838: Bringing the Poor to Missouri,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture, vol. 22, no. 1 [2013], 58–61).

13. Ki ha maʻuʻanga fakamatala ki he ngāue ʻa Kelenisaá, vakai ki he Historical Introductions to “Statement of Account from John Howden, 29 March 1838” and “Statement of Account from Perkins & Osborn, circa 29 October 1838,” in Mark Ashurst-McGee, David W. Grua, Elizabeth A. Kuehn, Brenden W. Rensink, and Alexander L. Baugh, eds., Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 63, 254. For McBride’s assignment, see “Minutes, 1–5 October 1841,” in Times and Seasons, vol. 2 (Oct. 15, 1841), 579, josephsmithpapers.org.