Tau Lahi Hono ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní

ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e senituli 19, naʻe fakalahi ʻe he ngaahi pule fakaʻemipola ʻi ʻIulopé, ko e Hahake Lotolotó, ʻĒsia, mo ʻAmelika Tokelaú ʻa ʻenau ngāue fakapisinisí, ngāue fakakautaú, mo e pulé ki he ngaahi vahefonua ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1877 mo e 1913, naʻe tau ʻa e Puleʻanga ʻOsitulō-Hungalí, Lūsiá, mo e ngaahi ʻEmipaea ʻOtomani ke puleʻi e konga lahi ʻo e Muitolotolo Palakaní. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga kehe ʻo ʻIulopé ha ngaahi kaungākau fakakautau ke maluʻi kinautolu mei he mafola ʻa e ngaahi ʻemipaea ko ʻení mo fakaʻaongaʻi ha maʻuʻanga tokoni lahi ke hoa-tatau ʻenau ivi fakakautaú.¹ Lolotonga e ʻaʻahi ʻa e Pilinisi ko Falanisi Featineeni ʻo ʻAosituliá ki he feituʻu ʻokú ne puleʻi ʻi Palakani ko Posinia mo Hesekoviná ʻi Sune ʻo e 1914, naʻe ʻohofi ʻene kau muimui fonongá ʻe ha kau tangata ne nau lama ke fakapō ko ha feinga ke fakatauʻatāinaʻi ʻa ʻIukosilāviá.² Naʻe hoko ʻa e mālōlō ʻa Featineeni mo hono uaifi ko Sofí, ke tupunga ai ha ngaahi tala tuʻutuʻuni ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi vahefonua ʻIulopé pea mo hono faʻufaʻu ʻo ha ongo faʻahi fehangahangai, ko e Felotoi ha Ngaahi Kulupu ʻe Tolu (ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa kimui ange ko e “Ngaahi Tefitoʻi Mafí”) pea mo e Talite Felotoi ʻe Tolú (ʻoku toe ʻiloa ko e “Ngaahi Mafi kuo Fakatahatahaʻi”).³ ʻI he ʻaho 28 ʻo Siulaí, naʻe talaki tau ai ʻa ʻAositulia-Hungali ki Sēpia, ʻo langaki ai ʻa e ngaahi fahaʻi fakakautau fakatahatahá ke nau teuteu ki he tau. ʻI he taimi naʻe fakafisingaʻi ai ʻe Lūsia mo Falanisē ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e puleʻanga Siamané ke taʻofi e ngaahi ngāue fakakautaú, naʻe talaki tau ʻa Siamane ki he ongo fonuá.⁴ ʻI ha ngaahi māhina siʻi, naʻe mei kau kotoa e ngaahi siteiti ʻi ʻIulopé ʻi he fekeʻikeʻí. Ne tohoakiʻi mai ʻe he taú ha kau tau mei he konitinēniti kotoa pē pea mafola atu ki ha ngaahi kongakau ʻe nima ʻi ʻIulope Hahake mo Hihifo, ʻAfilika, Hahake Lotoloto, pea mo ʻĪtali.⁵ Hili ha taʻu ʻe fā ʻo e fetauʻakí pea mei Sepitema ki Nōvema ʻo e 1918, naʻe kau ʻa e ngaahi siteiti ne mēmipa ʻi he Ngaahi Tefitoʻi Mafí ki ha aleapau mo e Ngaahi Mafi kuo Fakatahatahaʻí ke taʻofi fakataimi e taú, ʻa ia ne fakangata ai ʻa e taú.⁶

Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí he taimi ko iá naʻa nau nofo ʻi he fakahihifo ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ka ko e tokolahi ne nau ʻi Pilitānia, Kānata, mo Siamané ne nau kātekina ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻa kovi taha ʻo e taú. ʻIkai ngata aí, ka naʻe fakafofongaʻi ʻe he fekeʻikeʻí ʻa e fuofua meʻa ne faʻahi kehekehe ai ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí ʻi he taú. Naʻe kōlenga ʻe Siosefa F. Sāmita, ko e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, ki he Kāingalotú ke nau faaitaha ʻi he taimi ʻoku nau fehangahangai ai mo e fepakipaki fakavahaʻa-puleʻangá. Naʻá ne pehē ko e foʻui ia ʻa e kau taki fakapuleʻanga anga-mālohí ʻoku tupu ai e taú, kae ʻikai ko e kakai kuo fakamālohiʻi ke toʻo meʻataú.⁷ ʻI he kole ʻa Palesiteni Sāmitá, naʻe fai ai ʻe Sālesi W. Penilose, ko ha tokoni ʻi he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí, ha lotu ʻo kole ha melino lolotonga e konifelenisi lahi ʻo ʻOkatopa 1914.⁸

ʻI he fakalalahi ʻa e fekeʻikeʻí, naʻe fetukutuku ʻe he Misiona ʻIulopé ʻa e meimei kotoa ʻo ʻenau kau faifekau mulí pea naʻe fanongonongo ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ha kiʻi mālōlō ʻi hono ʻave ʻo e kau faifekaú ki mulí kae ʻoua ke ʻosi ʻa e taú.⁹ ʻI he hū ʻa e kau talavoú ki he ngāue fakakautaú, ko e pēseti ʻe 40 tupu ʻo e kau faifekau kotoa ʻa e Siasí ko e kakai fefine, ko e pēseti māʻolunga tahá ia talu mei he 1898, ʻa e taimi naʻe fuofua vaheʻi ai ʻa e kakai fefiné ke hoko ko e kau faifekau taimi kakató.¹⁰

Naʻe kehekehe pē ʻa e kau lesisita ki he taú ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi fonua tupuʻanga ʻo e Kāingalotú. Naʻe fakahū ʻe Siamane ʻa e kakai tangata kotoa pē ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu 17 ki he 50 ki he ngāue fakakautaú, ʻo fakamālohiʻi ai ha kau faifekau Siamane ʻe niʻihi ki he malaʻe taú.¹¹ Naʻe tali ʻe ha kau tangata ʻe toko miliona tupu ʻa e ui ki ha kau sōtia ngāue tokoni hili ha ngaahi māhina siʻi ʻo e mafola ʻa e taú ʻi Pilitāniá, ʻa ia ne nofo ai ha kāingalotu ʻe meimei toko 6,000 ʻo e Siasí. ʻI ha ngaahi kolo ʻe niʻihi ʻo e Siasí, naʻe laka hake he vaeuá ʻa e kau tangata ne nau kau atu ki he taú.¹² ʻI Kānatá, naʻe fakahū ai ʻe Hiu B. Palauni, ʻa ia naʻá ne hoko ko ha ʻōfisa pea naʻá ne hoko kimui ko ha ʻAposetoló, ha Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki ha ngaahi ʻiuniti fakakautau fakavahefonua ne ʻave ki Falanisē.¹³ Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau tangata ngāue fakakautau ʻa e Siasí, naʻa nau lesisita ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, tautautefito ki ʻIutā. ʻI he taimi ne hū ai e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ki he taú, ne mavahe ha kau hū foʻou ʻe toko 5,000 mei ʻIutā ki Falanisē, ko e tokolahi tahá ne nau omi mei he tukui kolo ʻo e kakai hikifonua mai mei ʻĪtali mo Kālisí kae ʻikai mei he ngaahi uooti mo e siteiki ʻo e Siasí. ʻI he fakaʻosinga ʻo e taú, naʻe tokolahi ange ʻa e kakai tangata Siasi ne nau kau atu ki he taú, ʻo laka hake ʻi he peseti ʻe nimá ʻa e kakai ʻIutā ne nau kau atu ki he ngāue fakakautaú.¹⁴

Naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he Siasí ʻa e feinga taú ʻaki ʻene fengāueʻaki fakataha mo e ngaahi kautaha hangē ko e Kolosi Kulá, Sikauti ʻa e Fānau Tangata ʻo ʻAmeliká, mo e ngaahi polokalama fakapuleʻanga ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe tānaki ʻe he Kau Fineʻofá ʻa e ʻū puha uite mo e ʻū kapa meʻakai ʻa ia ne foaki ai ki he vaʻa Puleʻi ʻo e Meʻatokoni ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha meʻakai ne laka hake ʻi he toni ʻe 16. Naʻe tokoni ʻa e Siasí ki he naunau fakafaitoʻo ʻa e Kolosi Kulá ʻa ia naʻe foaki ai ki he ngaahi falemahaki fakalotofonuá mo fakakautaú ha ʻū naunau fakafaitoʻo ne laka hake he 250 milioná.¹⁵ Naʻe tuʻuaki ʻe he Ngaahi Kautaha Mutuale Fakalakalaka ʻa e Kau Finemuí mo e Kau Talavoú ʻa e Sitapa Feinga Paʻanga ki he Taú, ʻa ia ne tokoni ai ki he feinga paʻanga ʻa e puleʻangá. Naʻe tufaki ʻe he Kau Sikauti Tangatá ha ʻū tohi ʻe 30 miliona tupu ne poupouʻi ai e taú, tānaki e ngaahi pōnite fakataú, pea ngoueʻi ha kelekele ʻeka ʻe laungeau ne ʻikai fakaʻaongaʻi ke tō ai ha meʻakai lahi ange.¹⁶ ʻI Pilitāniá, naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ʻe he kakai fefiné ha ngaahi kōmiti tokoni ke nau tānaki mo tufaki ha vala mo ha ʻū tohi maʻá e kau sōtiá, ʻaʻahi ki he kau kafó ʻi he ngaahi falemahaki fakakautaú, mo fakatau atu ʻa e fua ʻo e ngoué ke tokoni ki he kau sōtia ʻi he malaʻe taú.¹⁷ Naʻe hoko ʻa e kafo lahí—ʻa e toko 9 ki he 10 miliona ne maté mo e toko 20 ki he 21 miliona ne kafó—pea mo e meʻafua fakaemāmani lahi ʻo e fepakipakí ke ueʻi ai ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ke nau lotosiʻi ke kau ʻi he taú, pea ʻi ha ngaahi tūkunga ʻe niʻihi, ne ʻikai ke nau fie lesisita ko ha kau fakafepaki ki he ngāue fakakautaú ʻi he fakamaauʻangá.¹⁸

Falemahaki ʻo e kau sōtia kuo kafo lolotonga e ʻUluaki Tau Lahi ʻa Māmaní.

ʻOku hoko ʻa e fetōʻaki ʻi he tauhi lekooti ʻi he ngaahi kautaha fakakautau kehekehe ʻo e taú ke ʻikai lava ai hano fikaʻi pau ʻo e tokolahi totonu ʻo e kau sōtia mo e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne kafó; ʻoku fakafuofua ʻe ha niʻihi ʻa e tokolahi fakakātoa ʻo e kau sōtia Siasi ne maté ke ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e toko 600 ki he 700. Ne hoko e tuʻunga hikifonua mai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne lesisita ki he taú, ke toe faingataʻa ange ai ʻa e founga ʻo ʻenau foua e taú.¹⁹ Ko e Kāingalotu ʻi he ngaahi tapa kehekehe ʻo e māmaní, naʻe hoko ʻa e taú ke ne fakalalahi ha ngaahi ongo ʻo e mateakiʻi fonuá. ʻI he kotoa ʻo ʻIulope mo ʻAmelika Tokelaú, ne kamata ke fakahaaʻi ʻe he Kāingalotu ne nau lea fekauʻaki mo e fakamālohi ʻa e puleʻangá ha tukupā mateaki ki honau fonua tupuʻangá.²⁰ ʻI he tukui kolo ʻe niʻihi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, naʻe fakatupu ʻe he mateakiʻi fonuá ha fekeʻikeʻi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kāingalotu mei he ngaahi puipuituʻa kehé, pea naʻe faleʻi ʻe Palesiteni Siosefa F. Sāmita ʻa e Kāingalotu kotoa pē ke nau tali ʻa e kakai kotoa pē mei ha faʻahinga fonua pē ki honau tukui koló pea taukapoʻi e kau hikifonuá “ʻi he angaʻofa haohaoa tahá.”²¹ ʻI hono toe fakaava ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻi ʻIulope ki he ngāue fakafaifekaú hili ʻa e taú, naʻe mātātonu ʻa e Kaingalotú ki ha tupulaki taʻeʻamanekina ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ne faiʻanga tau kimuʻá, ʻa ia ne fakalahi ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻo e Siasí ʻo fakalaka atu ʻi hono ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻi he senituli 19.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“New World War I Centennial Presence at FamilySearch,” Extreme Genes: Family History Radio, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/inspiration/latter-day-saints-channel/listen/series/extreme-genes-family-history-radio-audio/new-world-war-i-centennial-presence-at-familysearch.

Alison Miles White, “Remembering World War I: The 100th Anniversary of Armistice Day,” https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/blog/remembering-world-war-1-the-100th-anniversary-of-armistice-day.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Special Issue, Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 4 (Fall 1990).

Ian F. W. Beckett, The Great War, 1914–1918, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2007).

James I. Mangum III, “The Influence of the First World War on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints” (master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 2007).

Tammy M. Proctor, “The Great War and the Making of a Modern World,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 86, no. 3 (Summer 2018), 190–203.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Tau Lahi Hono Ua ʻa Māmaní, Siosefa F. Sāmita, Political Neutrality (ʻIkai Kau Ki Ha Faʻahi Fakapolitikalé), Influenza Pandemic of 1918 (Mahaki Fakaʻauha ʻo e Mofí ʻi he 1918)

1. Samuel R. Williamson Jr., “The Origins of the War,” in Hew Strachan, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War, new ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 11–17.

2. Hew Strachan, To Arms, vol. 1 of The First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 65.

3. Strachan, To Arms, 69–102; Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, eds., The Origins of World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 17–22; Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York: Viking Penguin, 2004), 7, 13, 35–41. Naʻe fakaʻau ke ʻiloa ʻa e ngaahi faʻahi fakatahataha ko ʻeni hili ʻa e taú ko e “Ngaahi Tefitoʻi Mafí (Central Powers)” mo e “Ngaahi Mafi kuo Fakatahatahaʻí (Allied Powers)”. Naʻe kau ʻi he ngaahi tefitoʻi puleʻanga fakavahefonua naʻa nau fokotuʻu ʻa e Felotoi ha Ngaahi Kulupu ʻe Tolu/Ngaahi Tefitoʻi Mafí ʻi he 1914 ʻa Siamane, ʻAositulia-Hungali, ʻĪtali, mo Lomēnia; naʻe kau ʻi he niʻihi ʻo e Tālite Felotoi ʻe Tolú/Ngaahi Mafi kuo Fakatahatahaʻí ʻa Falanisē, Lūsia, mo Pilitānia; vakai, Williamson Jr., “Origins of the War,” 13; James Perry, “British Latter-day Saints in the Great War, 1914–1918,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 44, no. 3 (July 2018), 71–72; Tammy M. Proctor, “The Great War and the Making of a Modern World,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 86, no. 3 (Summer 2018), 193–94.

4. Gordon Martel, Origins of the First World War, 4th ed. (London: Routledge, 2017), 5–6.

5. Strachan, The First World War, 48–51, 67–69; Proctor, “The Great War,” 194. Vakai foki ki he Michael S. Neiberg, Fighting the Great War: A Global History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005) ki ha ngaahi hisitōlia ʻo e ngaahi feituʻu takitaha ʻo e taú.

6. Strachan, The First World War, 323–27.

7. James I. Mangum III, “The Influence of the First World War on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints” (master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 2007), 108.

8. Patrick Q. Mason, “‘When I Think of War I Am Sick at Heart’: Latter Day Saint Nonparticipation in World War I,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 45, no. 2 (Apr. 2019), 4.

9. Mangum, “Influence of the First World War,” 78–83.

10. “The Experience of Married Women Missionaries,” Pioneer Magazine, vol. 63, no. 1 (Spring 2016), 29.

11. Mangum, “Influence of the First World War,” 105–6.

12. Perry, “British Latter-day Saints in the Great War,” 73–75.

13. Mangum, “Influence of the First World War,” 37–42.

14. Helen Z. Papanikolas, “Immigrants, Minorities, and the Great War,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 4 (Fall 1990), 367–68; Kenneth L. Alford, “Joseph F. Smith and the First World War: Eventual Support and Latter-day Saint Chaplains,” ʻi he Craig K. Manscill, Brian D. Reeves, Guy L. Dorius, mo e J. B. Haws, eds., Joseph F. Smith: Reflections on the Man and His Times (Provo: Religious Studies Center, 2013), 434–55.

15. Alford, “Joseph F. Smith,” 434–55.

16. Mangum, “Influence of the First World War,” 160–67.

17. Perry, “British Latter-day Saints in the Great War,” 80–82.

18. Antoine Prost, “War Losses,” in 1914–1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses; Perry, “British Latter-day Saints in the Great War,” 76–77; Mason, “Latter Day Saint Nonparticipation,” 5–18.

19. Mangum, “Influence of the First World War,” 95; Papanikolas, “Immigrants,” 370.

20. Ethan R. Yorgason, Transformation of the Mormon Culture Region (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 167–68.

21. Papanikolas, “Immigrants,” 368–70; Proctor, “The Great War,” 198–200; Joseph F. Smith, Remarks, Apr. 6, 1917, ʻi he Conference Report, Apr. 1917, 11–12.