Kautaha Uouongatahá

ʻI he taʻu 1860 tupú ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá, naʻe ʻamanaki atu ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻe ʻomi ʻe he aʻutaki ange ʻa e ngaahi halanga lēlué ha ngaahi faingamālie fefakatauʻaki foʻou mo liliu e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo e feituʻu Fakahihifó.¹ Ke pukepuke e totongi maʻamaʻa ʻo e ngaahi koloá mo maluʻi e kau pisinisi fakalotofonuá, naʻá ne fokotuʻutuʻu mo e kau taki kehé ha kulupu fengāueʻaki fakataha makehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi pisinisi ʻa e Kāingalotú mo kinautolu ne nau tufaki ʻa e koloá .² Naʻe ola lelei e fengāueʻaki fakataha ko ʻení ʻi ha vahaʻataimi ʻi hano fakangatangata ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi koloa hū maí, ka ʻi he tupulaki ʻa e ʻekonōmika fakalotofonuá lolotonga e taʻu 1870 tupú, ne tokolahi ange e niʻihi ne nau fakatau fakamoʻua ʻenau ngaahi koloá mo kumi ngāué kae ʻikai ngaohi haʻanau koloa pē ʻanautolu. Naʻe lahi ʻa e hohaʻa ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e māketí ʻi he taʻu 1873 ʻo fakamoʻoniʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi hohaʻa ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongí—naʻe tupu ʻo lahi ʻaupito ʻi he vahefonuá ʻa e ngaahi moʻuá mo e ʻikai malava ke totongi ʻa e moʻuá, pea hangē naʻe nounou ʻa e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻo e ngāue fakatahá ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ʻekitivitī fakaepaʻanga ʻa e kau fakataú.³

Ko e ngaahi pisinisi mo e ngaahi kautaha ngāue fakataha ʻi he Hala Lahi ʻi Sōleki Sití.

Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau taki faka-Siasi fakalotofonua mo fakamāmani lahí ha polokalama ʻi he taʻu 1880 tupú naʻe ui ko e “Kautaha Uouongatahá” ʻi ha ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻe 150 ʻo fakataumuʻa ke maluʻi e ngaahi naunau ʻa e ngaahi kolo iiki angé mei he niʻihi mei tuʻá. ʻI heʻene makehe mei he ngaahi fengāueʻaki fakatahá, ʻa ia ne meimei ko e kakai pisinisi peé, naʻe fakaafeʻi ʻe he polokalama foʻou ko ʻení e kakai kotoa ʻo e koló ke fakatahaʻi ʻenau ngāué mo e paʻangá ke fakafepakiʻi ʻa e fakautuutu ʻo e koloa hū maí, tauhi e koloa fakalotofonuá, fakatupulaki ha ngaahi potungāue foʻou, mo feau e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e masivá. Naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Siosefa Sāmita e fono ʻo e fakatapuí ʻo fakafou ʻi he fakahinohino ʻa e kau pīsopé, naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he Kautaha Uouongatahá e ngaahi fuakava fakatapuí ki he tokotaha kotoa ʻi he ngaahi vā fakasivilé, kau pule ngāue mo e kau ngāue ki he ngaahi poate fakakomēsialé mo e kau ʻinivesitoá.

ʻI he konga lahi ʻo e Kautaha Uouongatahá ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá, naʻe tokoni ʻa e kāingalotú ki ha paʻanga fakalūkufua, maʻu mo ha ngaahi tupu, pea fakangatangata ʻenau ngāué mo e fefakatauʻakí ki he tuʻutuʻuni fakalotofonuá. Naʻe faʻa fatongia ʻaki ʻe he houʻeiki fafiné hono ngaohi ʻo e tupenú, akó, feimeʻatokoní, fatongia fakafaitoʻó mo e māʻulí, kae ngāue e kakai tangatá ʻi he ngoueʻangá mo e ngaahi ngāue langá.⁴ Ka naʻe ʻikai ngāue tatau e ngaahi Kautaha Uouongataha kotoa pē. ʻI he “Kautaha Uouongataha ʻo ʻInoke” ʻi Seni Siaosí, naʻe fakahā mei he kau tohi kolé ʻenau fuakavá ʻaki hono toe papitaiso kinautolu pea tukupā ke tauhi ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e tuʻutuʻuní, pea ne nau fili ha kau pule poate ke fakalahi ʻa e vā fetuʻutaki mo e kakai tangataʻifonua angamahení. Naʻe fakataumuʻa ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻi ʻOtavila mo Palaisí ki ha nofo fakakolo fakataha; naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau pule ʻo e poaté ha taimi-tēpile ngāue, vahe mo e ngāué, puleʻi ʻo e maʻu meʻatokoní mo e fakafetongiʻaki koloá.⁵

Mape ʻo ʻOtavila, ʻIutā, 1875.

ʻI he tupulaki hono fakamālohia ʻe he kau ngāue fakapuleʻangá e ngaahi lao fakafepakiʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi he 1880 tupú, naʻe faingataʻaʻia ha ngaahi Kautaha Uouongataha tokolahi ke tauhi honau mēmipasipí lolotonga e ngaahi ʻohofi mei he puleʻangá.⁶ Naʻe hokohoko atu e tupulaki lahi ʻa e ngaahi pisinisi fakatupu koloá, pea naʻe fili ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí ke kau ki hono fakatupulaki ʻo e māketi fakaʻekonōmiká. ʻI he taʻu 1890 tupú, naʻe fakatou tāpuni pe liliu e ngaahi kautaha fetokoniʻakí mo e Kautaha Uouongatahá ki ha ngaahi pisinisi fakataautaha.

Ko e Foʻi Lea Kautaha Uouongatahá ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá

Naʻe ʻuhinga ʻa e foʻi lea Kautaha Uouongatahá ki he ngaahi founga ngāue kehekehe ʻi he senituli 19. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu 1832 mo e taʻu 1834, naʻe kau fakataha ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo e niʻihi kehe ʻi hono fakalele ʻo e ngaahi pisinisi lahi kau ai ʻa e fale paaki, fale ngāue, mo e fefakatauʻaki kelekele ʻo fakafou ʻi he kautaha naʻe ui ko e Kautaha Fakatahataha (United Firm), ko ha kautaha mavahe mei he founga ngāue ʻa e Siasí ki he fakatapuí, mo e fatongia tauhi naʻe puleʻi ʻe Pīsope ʻEtuate Patilisí. ʻI hono fuofua pulusi ʻo e ngaahi fakahā ki hono aleaʻi ʻo e kautahá ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá, naʻe fetongi e ngaahi hingoa totonú ʻaki ha ngaahi hingoa fakafofonga ke tauhi hono tuʻunga ʻikai fakahāhāholó, pea fetongi ʻaki ʻa e hingoa “Pisinisi Uouongatahá” ʻa e “Kautaha Uouongataha.” Naʻe maʻuhala ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa ia ne teʻeki ke nau kau ʻi he pisinisí ʻi he foʻi lea Kautaha Uouongatahá pea mo e fuofua ngāue ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ke fakafeʻiloaki ʻa e founga ngāue ki he ngaahi koloa fakatapuí ʻi hono fuofua fakahā mai ʻe he ʻEikí ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 42.⁷

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

United Order of the City of St. George, Preamble and Articles of Agreement, 1874, Laipeli Hisitōtila ʻa e Siasí, Sōleki Siti.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Leonard J. Arrington, Feramorz Y. Fox, mo Dean L. May, Building the City of God: Community and Cooperation among the Mormons, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992).

Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 323–49.

James Cleith Phillips, “‘As Sisters in Zion’: Mormon Women and the United Order in Arizona’s Little Colorado Colonies,” Journal of Arizona History, vōl. 51, fika 2 (Summer 2010), 155–72.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻaki: Cooperative Movement, Consecration and Stewardship, United Firm (“United Order”)

Ngaahi fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Halanga Lēlué.

2. Vakai ki he Tefito: Fengāueʻakí.

3. Hili ʻa e hohaʻa ʻi he taʻu 1873, naʻe ʻatā ke ʻi ai ha ngaahi faingamālie fakaʻekonōmika vā fengāueʻaki fakataha mo e ngaahi polokalama. Naʻe lahi ha ngaahi ngāue fakavahefonua mo e fakafonua, hangē ko e “Kautaha Uouongataha” naʻe fakahoko ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, meimei kotoa ʻi ha taimi nounou (vakai, “The Politics of Depression” in Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 [Niu ʻIoke: Harper and Row, 1988], 512–63).

4. Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 327–35; James Cleith Phillips, “‘As Sisters in Zion’: Mormon Women and the United Order in Arizona’s Little Colorado Colonies,” Journal of Arizona History, vōl. 51, fika 2 (Summer 2010), 161–65.

5. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 324–34.

6. Vakai ki he Tefito: Antipolygamy Legislation.

7. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: United Firm (“United Order”), Consecration and Stewardship. Vakai foki ki he, Steven C. Harper, “‘All Things Are the Lord’s’: The Law of Consecration in the Doctrine and Covenants,” in Andrew H. Hedges, J. Spencer Fluhman, and Alonzo L. Gaskill, eds., The Doctrine and Covenants: Revelations in Context (Polovo, ʻIutā: Religious Studies Center, 2008), 212–27.