Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Kau ʻInitia Kulá

“Kau ʻInitia Kulá,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí

“Kau ʻInitia Kulá”

Kau ʻInitia Kulá

Lolotonga e senituli kimuʻa pea toki fokotuʻu e Siasí, naʻe holo e tokolahi ʻo e kau ʻInitia Kula ʻi ʻAmelika Tongá ʻaki ha meimei toko fā kilu ko e tupu mei he taú, mahaki fakaʻauhá pea mo hono fakamoveteveteʻi ʻo e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká ʻa e kakai totonu ʻo e fonuá ʻe he kau hikifonua mai mei ʻIulopé. ʻI he taimi tatau, naʻe tupu ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e kakai ʻIulope ʻi ʻAmeliká ʻaki ha toko nima miliona tupu. ʻI he 1800 ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e ngaahi nofoʻanga fakakoloniá ne nau nofo ʻi ha maile ʻe nimangeau mei he matāfanga ʻo e ʻAtalanitikí, ka naʻe ʻikai fuoloa mei ai kuo hiki fakahihifo e kau pālangí ʻi he vahefonua ʻo ʻAmelika Noaté. Naʻe hoko e movete ko ʻení ke tupu ai ha fekeʻikeʻi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau ʻInitiá mo e kau pālangí.1

ʻI he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1800 tupú, naʻe kau e ngaahi fonua ʻInitia Kulá ʻi he fefakatauʻakí, fealeaʻaki fakavahaʻapuleʻangá, kaungākau fakakautaú mo e fekeʻikeʻi mo e kakai ʻIulope ne nofo ʻi ʻAmeliká, pea naʻe tokolahi e ngaahi matakali ne nau fakamoʻoni ʻi ha aleapau ke fakangofua ʻa e hū ki honau vahefonuá mo ngāue ʻaki e nāunau kehé. Ka ʻi he 1830 naʻe tali ʻe he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha lao naʻe fakangofua ai ke hiki ha ngaahi matakali ki he ʻū vahefonua ʻi he fakahihifo ʻo e Vaitafe Misisipí. Naʻe fakapaʻanga ʻe he ngaahi siasi faka-Palotisaní ha ngāue fakafaifekau ki he ngaahi kulupu ne fekau ke nau hikí, ko e fakaʻamu ʻe tokoni hono malangaʻi ʻo e kosipelí ke fakaleleiʻi ai e vā mo e kau ʻInitiá. Ka naʻe hoko hono tuli ʻo e kau ʻInitiá ke fakatupu ai ha moveuveu mo e faingataʻa lahi pea naʻe toe lahi ange ai ʻa e fekeʻikeʻí.

Fetaulaki ʻa e Kau ʻInitiá mo e Kau Māmongá ʻi he 1830 mo e 1840 tupú

Naʻe pulusi ʻa e Tohi ʻa Molomoná ʻi he taʻu tatau pē naʻe fakaʻatā ai ʻa e Lao ki hono Fakamavahe ʻo e Kau ʻInitia Kulá. Naʻe maʻu ʻe he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha fakakaukau kehe ki he hisitōlia ʻo e kau ʻInitia Kulá he kuohilí mo honau ikuʻanga he kahaʻú. Naʻe tui e fuofua Kāingalotú ko e kakai ʻInitia Kula kotoa pē ko ha hako kinautolu ʻo e kakai ʻi he Tohi ʻa Molomoná, pea naʻa nau kau fakataha ki ha tofiʻa ʻi he fuakavá ʻa ia ne fakafehokotaki ai kinautolu ki ʻIsileli ʻi he kuonga muʻá.2 Naʻa nau faʻa maʻu ha tāufehiʻa tatau mo e kau ʻIulope ʻAmeliká ki he kau ʻInitiá, ka naʻe tui ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ko e kau ʻInitia Kulá ko e kau ʻea-hoko kinautolu ki he ngaahi talaʻofa ʻa e ʻOtuá neongo ne nau lolotonga faingataʻaʻia ʻi heʻenau taʻetali ʻa e ongoongoleleí kimuʻá.3 Naʻe hoko ʻa e tui ko ʻení ke ongoʻi moʻoni ai ʻe he fuofua Kāingalotú ʻoku ʻi ai honau ngafa ke ʻave ʻa e pōpoaki ʻo e Tohi ʻa Molomoná ki he kau ʻInitia Kulá.

Hili ha ngaahi māhina mei hono fokotuʻu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 1830, naʻe fononga ʻa e kau faifekau ʻo e Siasí ki he Vahefonua ʻa e kau ʻInitiá, ʻa ia ne ʻi he kauʻā fonua ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe pehē ʻe Paʻale P. Pālati naʻe talitali loto-māfana ʻe Viliami ʻEnitasoni (Kik-ta-ma-Nund), ko e taki ki ha kulupu ʻo e kakai Telaueá (Lenape) ʻa ia ne nau hiki ki he feituʻu ne ofi ki Tauʻatāina, Mīsulí, ʻa e kau faifekaú pea naʻe talaange ʻe ha taha fakatonulea kia ʻŌliva Kautele naʻe “pehē ʻe he houʻeikí ʻokú ne tui ki he fakamatala kotoa pē” ʻi he Tohi ʻa Molomoná. Ka naʻe hanga ʻe ha fakafofonga ʻo e puleʻangá ʻo tapui ʻa e kau faifekaú mei heʻenau toe fai ha ngāue fakaʻevangeliō ki he kau ʻInitia ʻi he feituʻu ko iá he naʻe teʻeki ke nau maʻu ha ngofua ki ai.4 Naʻe vaha ai pē ʻa e feohi ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mo e kau ʻInitia Kulá ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ne hoko aí, ka naʻe kei talanoa pē ʻa Pālati mo e niʻihi kehé ki ha taimi ʻe tali fiefia ai ʻe he kau ʻInitiá ʻa e Tohi ʻa Molomoná.5

Malanga ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he kau ʻInitia Kulá

Malanga ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he kau ʻInitia Kulá

ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi palopalema ʻi Mīsuli lolotonga e 1830 tupú, naʻe fakaalaala e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi heʻenau fetuʻutaki mo e ngaahi kulupu [ʻInitia Kula] fakalotofonuá koeʻuhí ko hono tukuakiʻi kinautolu ʻe honau filí ki heʻenau fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngāue fakafaifekaú ke fakatupu ha angatuʻu ʻi he kau ʻInitiá. Lolotonga e 1840 tupú, naʻe fekauʻi ʻe Siosefa Sāmita mo e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ha kau faifekau ki Sioku (Takouta), Potauatomi (Bodéwadmi), Sitokapilisi (Mahican), mo e kau ʻInitia kehe ne nau nofo ʻi Uisikonisini mo Kānatá.6 Naʻe fakataha ʻa e kau fakafofonga mei he matakali Sauki (Asakiuaki) mo e Fox (Mesikiuaki) ki Nāvū mo Siosefa Sāmita, ʻa ia naʻá ne talanoa kiate kinautolu fekauʻaki mo e Tohi ʻa Molomoná mo e ngaahi palani ke fokotuʻu ha Selusalema Foʻoú.7 Hili ha taʻu ʻe ua mei ai, naʻe kole ʻe he kau taki ʻo e matakali Potauatomí kia Siosefa mo e kau Māmongá ke nau fai ha tokoni mo kau ki ha aleapau ʻo e uouangatahá. Naʻe ʻikai tali ia ʻe Siosefa ka naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ange ʻe malava ʻe he Tohi ʻa Molomoná ʻo tataki kinautolu ke nau feohi ʻi he melino.8 Hili e mālōlō ʻa Siosefá, naʻe aleaʻi ʻe he Fakataha Alēlea ʻo e Toko Nimangofulú, ʻi he malumalu ʻo Pilikihami ʻIongí, ha aleapau lahi ange mo e ngaahi fonua ʻo e kau ʻInitiá, ka ʻi he 1846 naʻe taʻofi ai ʻa e ngaahi fealeaʻakí koeʻuhí kae lava ke fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e hikifonua ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he hihifó.9

Ko e Kakai Tuʻufonua ʻo ʻIutaá pea mo e Kau Paionia ʻo e Siasí

ʻI he hoko ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ko e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, kōvana fakavahe mo e pule fakavahe ki he fengāueʻaki mo e kau ʻInitiá, naʻá ne feinga ai ke maʻu ha tuʻutuʻuni fakamelino ke tokoni ki he nofo ʻa e kau Māmongá ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ne nofo ai ʻa e kau ʻInitiá. Naʻe ako ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa e lea faka-ʻInitiá, kamata ha vā fefakatauʻaki koloa, malanga ʻaki ʻa e ongoongoleleí, pea ko e lahi tahá ne nau fekumi ki ha nofoʻanga ʻi he feituʻu ʻo e kau ʻInitiá. Naʻe hoko e nofo melino ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau ʻInitia Kulá mo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ko e tōʻonga angamahení ia mo lelei tahá. Ka neongo e ngaahi feinga ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ke aleaʻi ha ngaahi aleapau ʻe tuʻuloá, naʻe ʻikai ke potupotutatau ʻene ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakamelinó pea naʻe fetōkehekeheʻaki hono fakaʻaongaʻí. Naʻe faikehekehe lahi ʻaupito ʻa e ʻulungaanga fakafonua ʻa e ongo kakai ko ʻení—ʻIulope mo e kau ʻInitia Kulá—naʻe kehekehe ʻenau fakakaukau ki hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e kelekelé mo e koloá pea naʻe ʻikai ke nau femahinoʻaki lelei. Naʻe hoko e fetaʻemahinoʻaki ko ʻení ke tupu ai ha fekihiaki pea taimi ʻe niʻihi ko ha fetāʻaki ʻi he vā ʻo e ongo kakaí.10

Ko e kē lahi taha ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi ʻIutaá mo e kulupu ʻInitia Kula fakalotofonuá naʻe ʻiloa kimui ko e Walker War [Tau ʻa e Uoká] (1853–54) mo e Black Hawk War [Tau ʻa e Hoke ʻUliʻulí] (1865–72). Naʻe kamata ʻaki ha vālau ʻi he vā ʻa e kau sōtia Māmongá mo e kau ʻInitia Kula ʻi ʻIutaá (Ute) pea fakalalahi ai ki ha fekeʻikeʻi lahi ange. Naʻe holo ʻa e fakamamahi ʻi he vā ʻo e kau Māmongá mo e kau ʻInitiá ʻi he taimi naʻe uesia lahi ai ʻe he mahaki fakaʻauhá mo e fiekaiá ʻa e kakai totonu ʻo e fonuá ne nau nofo ʻi he Vahaʻamoʻunga Hihifó pea mo hono taʻotaʻofi ʻe he puleʻanga ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e kau ʻInitia tokolahi ke nau nofo maʻu ʻi honau feituʻú.11

Misiona ʻInitiá mo e Ngaahi Polokalama Akó

Neongo e fekeʻikeʻí, ka naʻe kei tukupā pē ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ke tufaki e pōpoaki ʻo e Tohi ʻa Molomoná ki he kau ʻInitia Kulá mo fokotuʻu ha ngaahi misiona ke fakaului mo ha faama. Naʻe fakafeʻiloaki ʻe he ngaahi meʻá ni ʻa e ongoongoleleí pea ʻomi mo e faingamālie ako mo e meʻakai maʻá e kau ʻInitia ʻi ʻIutā mo ʻAlesoná. Lolotonga e konga kimui ʻo e sentuli 19 naʻe ʻaʻahi ʻa e kau faifekaú ki Katapa (Yeh Is-Wah H’reh), Kosute (Kutsipiuti), Hopi (Hopituh Shi-nu-mu), Malikopa (Piipaash), Navahō (Diné), Papako (Tohono O’odham), Pima (Akimel O’otham), Siosone (Newe), Ute (Nunt’zi), mo Suni (A:shiwi), ko e kakai ne fakamālohiʻi ke nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻa e kau ʻInitia Kulá ne nau movete ki he Fakahihifo ʻo ʻAmeliká. Naʻe toko laui afe ʻa e kakai mei he tokelau-hihifo ʻo Siosoné ʻi he 1870 tupú ne nau papitaiso pea iku ʻo faʻu ʻa e Uooti Uasikeé, ʻa ia naʻe tataki ʻe he fuofua pīsope ʻInitia Kula ʻi he Siasí ko Molonai Timipimipo.12 Naʻe tokolahi ʻa e kakai Ute mei loto ʻIutā ne nau nofo ʻi ʻInitianola ʻi he Vahefonua Sanipetí, ʻa ia ne nau fokotuʻu ai ha kolo ʻo e Siasí mo ha houalotu Fineʻofa, pea naʻe kau ʻi he kau palesitenisií ha fefine ʻInitia.13 Naʻe laka hake ʻi he toko 1,200  ʻa e kau ʻInitia Kula mei Papako, Pima, mo Malikopa ʻi he fakatonga ʻo ʻAlesoná naʻa nau kau ki he Siasí ʻi he 1880 tupú, ʻo fokotuʻu ai ha uooti naʻe tokoni kimui ange ki hono langa mo fakatapui ʻa e Temipale Mesa ʻAlesoná.14 ʻI Kalolaina Sauté, naʻe papitaiso ha konga lahi ʻo e kakai ʻi he Fonua Katapaá (Catawba Nation). ʻI he hili ha taʻu ʻe 65 nai mei ai, naʻe lea ʻa e ʻeiki ʻo Katapā ko Samuela Teila Puluú ʻi he konifelenisi lahí. Naʻá ne fakamoʻoni ʻo pehē, “Kuó u aʻusia ʻa e tāpuaki mo e fiefia ʻa e ʻOtuá. Kuó u mamata ki hono fokotuʻu hake ʻa e maté; kuó u mamata ki he kau mahaki ne pehē ʻe he kau toketaá he ʻikai toe felave ha faitoʻó, kuo nau toe moʻui mai koeʻuhí ko e hilifakinima ʻa e Kaumātuʻá. Siʻoku kāinga, ʻoku ou ʻiloʻi taʻe toe veiveiua ʻoku moʻoni ʻa e ongoongolelei ko ʻení.”15

ʻEiki ʻo Uasikeé mo e kau tangata Siosone

ʻEiki ʻo Uasikeé (tangutu ʻi loto-mālie ʻi muʻá) mo ha kau tangata Siosone.

ʻI hono fakalahi e ngaahi misiona ʻi ʻAlesona mo Niu Mekisikoú, naʻe kei hokohoko atu pē e tokoni ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki he kau ʻInitia Kulá ʻo aʻu ki he 1930 mo e 1940 tupú. Naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaahi misiona ko ʻení ke fakatokanga ai ki he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e tūkunga faingataʻa ʻi he nofoʻanga ʻo e kau ʻInitia ʻi he Fakatonga-hihifó, pea naʻe kamata ke nau fakakaukau ki ha ngaahi founga ke tataki ʻa e malanga fakauluí, he naʻa nau ongoʻi tatau mo Sipenisā W. Kimipoló ʻi heʻene fakahā kimui ange ko honau fatongia ke tokoniʻi honau ngaahi tokoua ʻi he fuakavá. ʻI he 1950 tupú naʻe fakahoko ha polokalama ako fakafetongi tamaiki ako ʻa ia ne talitali ai ʻe he ngaahi fāmili Siasí ha tamaiki ako ʻInitia lolotonga e semesitaá. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe foaki ʻe he ʻUnivēsiti Pilikihami ʻIongí ha ngaahi sikolasipi ko e fakataumuʻa ke fakatokolahi e lesisita ʻa e kau ʻInitia Kulá. Ko e taimi ne fakaʻosiʻosi ai ʻa e Polokalama Fakafetongi Fānau Ako ʻa e Kau ʻInitia Kulá ʻi he taʻu 2000 nai, kuo aʻu ki he fānau ako ʻInitia Kula ʻe toko 5 mano naʻe lava ke tokoniʻi ʻe he polokalamá.16

ʻI he ʻaho ní, ʻoku kei hoko atu pē e kau ʻInitia Kulá ke fehangahangai mo e ngaahi faingataʻá ko ha ola ʻo ʻenau fekeʻikeʻí mo e nofo-hili ʻi ha laui senitulí. Naʻe lea ʻa Leli ʻEko Hoke, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Fonua Pauaní, ko ha Tokoni Sekelitali mālōlō ʻa e U.S. ki he Ngaahi Ngāue Fakalotofonua ki he Kau ʻInitia Kulá, ka ko ha Fitungofulu Taki Māʻolunga he taimí ni, kau ki he ngaahi faingata’a naʻá ne aʻusia mo ʻene ngaahi kuí. Naʻá ne pehē, “Ko ha hisitōlia fakamamahi ia, he naʻe ʻikai ke ngata pē ʻa e mamahí ʻi ha toʻu tangata pē ʻe taha.” Ka neongo iá, naʻe fakamālohia ia ʻe he ngaahi talaʻofa ʻi he Tohi ʻa Molomoná, pea naʻá ne fakahaaʻi ʻene fakaʻamu ʻe fakahoko ʻe he kakai totonu ʻo ʻAmeliká ʻa e vīsone ʻa Palesiteni Sipenisā W. Kimipoló, ke nau hoko ko ha kau taki faʻifaʻitakiʻanga lelei ʻi honau koló mo e fonuá.17

Tefito Fekauʻakí: Lamanite Identity [Ko hai ʻa e Kau Leimaná]

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatala

  1. Claudio Saunt, “The Age of Imperial Expansion, 1763–1821,” in Frederick E. Hoxie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 77–79.

  2. Vakai ki he Tefito: Lamanite Identity [Kohai ʻa e Kau Leimaná].

  3. Vakai, 4 Nīfai 1:38. Ki ha sīpinga ʻo e tui ʻa e fuofua Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí fekauʻaki mo e kau ʻInitia Kulá, vakai ki he Terryl L. Givens and Matthew J. Grow, Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 296, 343.

  4. “Letter from Oliver Cowdery, 8 April 1831,” in Joseph Smith Letterbook 1, 11, josephsmithpapers.org; fakatonutonu ʻa e sipelá; vakai foki, “Letter from Oliver Cowdery, 7 May 1831,” 13, josephsmithpapers.org.

  5. Terryl L. Givens and Matthew J. Grow, Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 111–13, 116–18; Joseph Smith, “Letter to Noah C. Saxton, 4 January 1833,” in Joseph Smith Letterbook 1, 17, josephsmithpapers.org.

  6. Ronald W. Walker, “Seeking the ‘Remnant’: The Native American during the Joseph Smith Period,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 19, no. 1 (Spring 1993), 23–25; Jeffrey D. Mahas, “American Indians and the Nauvoo-Era Council of Fifty,” in Matthew J. Grow and R. Eric Smith, eds., The Council of Fifty: What the Records Reveal about Mormon History (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2017), 120.

  7. Joseph Smith, “History, 1838–1856, volume C–1 Addenda,” 10–11, josephsmithpapers.org.

  8. Matthew J. Grow, Ronald K. Esplin, Mark Ashurst-McGee, Gerrit J. Dirkmaat, and Jeffrey D. Mahas, eds., Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846. Vol. 1 of the Administrative Records series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 73–76.

  9. Mahas, “American Indians,” 123–27; vakai foki ki he Tefito: Council of Fifty [Fakataha Alēlea ʻo e Toko Nimangofulú].

  10. Vakai “Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.lds.org.

  11. Jared Farmer, On Zion’s Mount: Mormons, Indians, and the American Landscape (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 62–104; Howard A. Christy, “The Walker War: Defense and Conciliation as Strategy,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 4 (Fall 1979), 395–420; John Alton Peterson, Utah’s Black Hawk War (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998), 103–104. Vakai foki, “Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.lds.org.

  12. Scott R. Christensen, Sagwitch: Shoshone Chieftain, Mormon Elder, 1822–1887 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1999), 190–95.

  13. Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 483–84.

  14. D. L. Turner, “Akimel Au-Authm, Xalychidom Piipaash, and the LDS Papago Ward,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 39, no. 1 (Winter 2013), 158–80.

  15. Samuel Blue, in Conference Report, Apr. 1950, 141–42. Naʻe lipooti ʻe ʻEiki Pulū ki he Siasí ko e pēseti ʻe 97 ʻo e kakai Katapaá ʻi he 1950 ko e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí; vakai Conference Report, Apr. 1950, 144.

  16. Matthew Garrett, Making Lamanites: Mormons, Native Americans, and the Indian Student Placement Program, 1947–2000 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2016).

  17. Larry Echo Hawk, “An Unexpected Gift” [Brigham Young University devotional, Aug. 7, 2007], 1, 5–6, speeches.byu.edu.