Ngaahi Kolonia ʻi Mekisikoú

ʻI he 1882 naʻe fakapaasi ai ʻe he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e Edmunds Act, ʻo maʻu ai ʻe he kau ʻōfisa fakakautau fakafonuá ha mālohi lahi ange ke nau puke pōpula mo fakamoʻuaʻi ʻa e Kāingalotu naʻa nau kau ki he mali tokolahí. Ko hono olá, naʻe kamata ke kumi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi feituʻu mavahe mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻe lava ke hūfanga ki ai ʻa e Kāingalotú mei he ngaahi lao ko ʻení, ʻa ia ne nau ongoʻi ne uesia ai ʻenau totonu ki heʻenau tui fakalotú. ʻI he 1885, naʻe fononga atu ai ʻa Palesiteni Sione Teila mo ha kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ki Mekisikou, ʻa ia ne ʻosi fekumi holo ai ʻe he kau faifekaú ha ngaahi feituʻu ʻe ala nofoʻi. Naʻa nau fili ai ha feituʻu ʻi he siteiti ko Mekisikou ko Sihuahuá ke nofo ai ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fāmili ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he palesiteni ʻo Mekisikou ko Polafilio Tiesí ʻa e faʻahinga hikifonua pehē mei mulí mo ha tuʻutuʻuni ne fakataumuʻa ke fakatupunga hano fakakakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi kelekele ne teʻeki nofoʻí.¹

Naʻa mo e taimi ne teʻeki ke fakatau mai ai ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha kelekele ʻi Sihuahuá, ne kamata ke kolosi e kau tangata mali tokolahi mei ʻAlesoná ʻi he kauʻāfonuá ki Mekisikou ke nau hao mei hono tauteaʻi kinautolú.² ʻI ha māhina ʻe nima ʻi he 1886, ne fakafuofua ki he Kāingalotu ʻe toko 400 ne nau nofo ʻi ha ngaahi saliote pe ngaahi luo ne keli fakafale ʻi he kelekelé ʻi he veʻe Vaitafe Kāsasi Kalanitesí, ʻo talitali ai ki ha ngofua ke nau nofo ai kae lava ke nau ʻomi honau ngaahi fāmilí ki ai. Ne faifai pea ʻaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fāmilí ʻa e Vaitafe Pietilasi Velatesí, fuʻifuʻi ha ngaahi ngoue, pea saveaʻi ʻa e kelekelé ke fokotuʻu ai ha kolo naʻa nau ui ko e Kolonia Hualasí. Naʻe kamata leva ke nau movete atu ʻo nofoʻi ha ngaahi kolonia foʻou ʻi Tapileni, Tiesi, Teleʻa Keivi, Pāseko, Kāsia, mo Suisupa. Naʻa nau fokotuʻu foki mo ha ngaahi kolonia ʻi ʻOasaka mo Molelosa ʻi he siteiti ko Sonolá. Naʻe omi ha niʻihi ʻo e Kāingalotú mei he fakatokelau mo e vaheloto ʻo Mekisikoú ke nau kau fakataha mo e kau hikifonua mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he fakaʻau ke tokolahi ange ʻa e ngaahi koloniá.³

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ʻi he vahaʻataimi ʻo e ngaahi ʻohofi ʻe he kau fakafepaki ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi ʻIutā ʻi he 1880 mo e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa Mekisikou ʻi he 1910 tupú, naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaahi koloniá ko ha ʻapi fakanonga maʻá e ngaahi fāmili ʻe laungeau ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe nofo ha kau ʻAposetolo ʻe toko ono ʻi he ngaahi koloniá lolotonga e konga kimui ʻo e senituli 19. Naʻe faʻu ʻa e fuofua siteiki ʻi Mekisikoú ʻi he 1895, ʻa ia naʻe hetikuota ki Hualasi. Naʻe ʻikai ngata pē ʻi hono fokotuʻu ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻi he ngaahi koloniá ha tukui kolo ne lelei hono tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká ka naʻe fakamamafaʻi foki ai ʻa e tukufakaholó mo e akó, ʻo fokotuʻu ai ʻa e Akoʻanga Siteiki Hualasí, ʻa ia ko ha ʻapiako lautohi mo e ako lotoloto maʻá e fānaú.⁴ ʻI he konga kimuʻa ʻo e senituli 20, ne fakafuofua ki he Kāingalotu ʻe toko 4,000 ne nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi koloniá.⁵ Naʻe tokolahi ha kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi he kahaʻú naʻa nau tupu hake ʻi he ngaahi koloniá, kau ai ʻa Melioni G. Lomenī ʻo e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí mo Lei Luselo Pālati ʻo e Kōlomu ʻUluaki ʻo e Kau Fitungofulú. Naʻe hoko ʻa e poto lelei ʻa Pālati ʻi he lea faka-Sipeiní ko ha tokoni mahuʻinga ia ʻi heʻene hoko ko ha taki ngāue fakafaifekau ʻi Mekisikoú.⁶

Ko e fale Akoʻanga ʻo e Siteiki Hualasí ʻi he Kolonia Hualasí.

Hili ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi ʻa Palesiteni Uilifooti Utalafi ʻi he 1890, ʻa ia naʻe tukupā ai ʻe talangofua ʻa e Siasí ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e mali ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe fakakaukau ha niʻihi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻe lava ke kei hoko atu pē ʻa e mali tokolahí ʻi Mekisikou. ʻI he 1901 naʻe fakamahino ai ʻe he fetongi ʻo Utalafí, Palesiteni Lolenisō Sinou, ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi foki ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻo tatau ai pē feituʻu ʻoku nau nofo aí. Hili ha taʻu ʻe fā mei ai, naʻe fononga atu ʻa e fetongi ʻo Sinoú, Palesiteni Siosefa F. Sāmita, ki Mekisikou ke fakapapauʻi ʻa e talangofua ki he tuʻutuʻuni kuo tali ʻe he Siasí ke fakangata ʻa e mali tokolahí.⁷

Lolotonga ʻa e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa Mekisikou ʻi he 1910 tupú, naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakafepaki ki ʻAmeliká ke ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻAmelika-ʻIulope ʻo e Siasí ʻi he ngaahi koloniá. ʻI he 1912, naʻe fakahanga atu ʻe he seiniale angatuʻu ko ia ko Hōsea Salasā ha ngaahi meʻafana fakafonua ki he Kolonia Tapilení, pea ʻi loto pē ʻi ha ʻaho ʻe taha naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e palesiteni fakasiteiki ko Sūniasi Lomenií ke fetukutuku kotoa mei he koloniá. Naʻe nofo pē ʻa e ngaahi fāmili ne nau hikifonua fakatokelau mai mei he vaheloto ʻo Mekisikoú ke nau tokangaʻi e ngaahi koloniá lolotonga iá, ne fakamāʻopoʻopo ʻe he Kāingalotu ne ʻi ai honau puipuituʻa ʻAmelika ʻIulopé ʻa ʻenau ngaʻotoʻotá pea nau mavahe atu ki ʻEla Paso, Tekisisi.⁸

ʻI he tūʻuta pē ʻa e Kāingalotu kumi hūfangá ki he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe tokolahi e niʻihi ne nau hiki ki he ʻū ʻapi foʻou ʻi he Fakahihifo ʻo ʻAmeliká. Naʻe hokohoko atu e moʻui ʻa e Kāingalotu Mekisikou naʻe kei nofo ʻi he ngaahi koloniá, pea naʻe fokotuʻu ʻa e fuofua kolo lea faka-Sipeini ʻa e Siasí ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo Mekisikoú ʻi Kolonia Tapilení ʻi he 1916. Hili ʻa e taú, naʻe fakafuofua ki he vahe fā ʻe taha ʻo e Kāingalotu ne nau holá ne nau toe foki ki honau ngaahi ʻapí ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo Mekisikoú. Naʻe monomono ʻe kinautolu ne nau toe fokí ʻa e ʻū falé mo e ʻū fāmá pea hoko atu ʻenau ngaahi feinga fakaakó mo e feinga ke langa honau koló. Naʻe hokohoko atu ʻe he ongo Kolonia Tapilení mo e Kolonia Hualasí fakatouʻosi ke tauhi ha vā mahuʻinga ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi ai, pea ʻi he 1999 naʻe fakatapui ai ha temipale ʻi Hualasi.⁹

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

E. LeRoy Hatch, “Mormon Colonies: Beacon Light in Mexico,” Ensign, Sept. 1972, 22–25.

“The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

“Facts and Statistics: Mexico,” newsroom.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Thomas Cottam Romney, The Mormon Colonies in Mexico (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005).

F. LaMond Tullis, Mormons in Mexico: The Dynamics of Faith and Culture (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1987).

Jason H. Dormady and Jared M. Tamez, eds., Just South of Zion: The Mormons in Mexico and Its Borderlands (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2015).

Nelle Spilsbury Hatch, Colonia Juarez: An Intimate Account of a Mormon Village (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Antipolygamy Legislation, Mekisikou, Kānata

Maʻuʻanga fakamatalá

1. F. LaMond Tullis, Mormons in Mexico: The Dynamics of Faith and Culture (Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 1987), 52–54, 56. Naʻe faleʻi foki ʻe Palesiteni Teila ha niʻihi ʻo e Kāingalotú, kau ai ʻa Sālesi Ola Kaati, ke nau nofo ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo e kauʻāfonua ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he Ngaahi Vahefonua Tokelau-hihifo Pilitāniá ʻa ia naʻe hoko kimui ko e vahefonua Kānata ʻo ʻAlapetá. Vakai ki he Tefito: Kānata.

2. Naʻe taʻefakalao ʻa e mali tokolahí ʻi Mekisikou pea, ʻi he hili ʻa e 1890, naʻe kau foki ai mo Kānata, ka naʻe ʻikai ke hanga ʻe he puleʻanga ʻo e ongo fonua ko iá ʻo fakaʻilo ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne mali tokolahí. ʻI Mekisikoú, naʻe fai ʻe he kau maʻu-mafai ʻo e Siasí ha aleapau mo e kau ʻōfisa Mekisikoú ʻo fakangofua ai e mali tokolahí ʻi he ngaahi koloniá. (Vakai, “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” note 34, Gospel Topics Essays, topics.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.)

3. Tullis, Mormons in Mexico, 54–57, 60–65.

4. ʻOku kei puleʻi mo fakalele pē ʻe he Siasí ʻa e Akoʻanga Hualasí. Vakai ki he Tefito: Church Academies.

5. Tullis, Mormons in Mexico, 56–57.

6. Tullis, Mormons in Mexico, 109–28.

7. “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.ChurchofJesusChrist.org; Barbara Jones Brown, “Manifestos, Mixed Messages, and Mexico: The Demise of ‘Mainstream’ Mormon Polygamy,” in Newell G. Bringhurst and Craig L. Foster, eds., The Persistence of Polygamy: Fundamentalist Mormon Polygamy from 1890 to the Present (Independence, Missouri: John Whitmer Books, 2015), 3:23–57.

8. Tullis, Mormons in Mexico, 92–95.

9. Tullis, Mormons in Mexico, 95; “Colonia Juárez Chihuahua Mexico Temple,” temples.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.