Fakamafola ʻi he Mītiá

ʻI he taʻu pē ʻe ua, mei he 1920 ki he 1922, naʻe fakalakalaka lahi e ngaahi ngāue letiō ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mei he letiō ʻe tahá ki he 500 tupu.¹ Naʻe fuofua fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e tekinolosia ko ʻení, ʻi hono maʻu ʻe he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻi Sōleki Sití, ʻa e fuofua laiseni letiō ke foaki ki ha ʻapiako. Naʻe fakahoko ʻe Palesiteni Hiipa J. Kalānite ʻa e fuofua fakamafola ʻi he letioó ʻi he ʻaho 6 ʻo Mē 1922, ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ha letiō ʻi Sōleki Siti ko e KZN, ʻa ia ne ʻi ai haʻanau mīsini fakamafola lea ʻe taha ʻi ha kiʻi fale kapa he ʻato ʻo e Deseret News Building. ʻI he kiʻi lea nounou ʻa Palesiteni Kalānité, naʻá ne fakaʻaongaʻi ai e fakamoʻoni ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo Sitenei Likitoni ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 76.² ʻI he taʻu hono hokó, naʻe fakamafola e konifelenisi lahí ʻi he letioó ki ha feituʻu ne nofo ai ha kakai ʻe toko taha miliona nai.³ ʻI he 1925 naʻe puleʻi ʻe he Siasí e konga lahi ʻo e letioó, pea naʻe liliu ʻa e hingoá ki he KSL. Naʻe kei ngāue pē ʻi hono puleʻi ʻe he Siasí ʻi ha senituli ʻe taha mei ai.⁴

Ko hono fakahoko ʻe Palesiteni Hiipa J. Kalānite ʻa e fuofua fakamafola letiō ʻa e Siasí mei he kiʻi fale kapa KZN ʻi he ʻato ʻo e Deseret News Building ʻi Sōleki Siti, Mē 1922.

ʻI he taʻu ʻe hongofulu hono hokó, naʻe ngāue ʻa e Siasí ke fakalahi ʻene ngaahi ngāue letioó ke ʻikai ngata pē ʻi ʻIutā. ʻI he 1929, naʻe hoa ngāue ai ʻa e KSL mo e National Broadcasting Company (NBC) ʻi Niu ʻIoke Sití pea kamata ha fakamafola fakauike ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekale Māmongá.⁵ Ko e polokalama Hiva & mo e Folofola ʻa e Kuaeá, ʻa ia ne kau ai ha ngaahi pōpoaki ne fakahoko ʻe he tokotaha ngāue letiō ko Richard L. Evans, naʻe aʻu ia ki he kakai ʻo e fonuá. Ko e fakamafola letiō fuoloa taha ia ʻoku kei hokohoko atu ʻi he māmaní.⁶ ʻI he 1933, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e KSL ko ha kupu fengāueʻaki ʻo e Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) pea nau tānaki ki ai ha ngaahi polokalama ne totongi ʻe he Siasí naʻe ui ko e “The Church of the Air.”⁷

ʻI he 1935, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e Kōmiti Letiō, Tuʻuakí mo e Naunau ʻa e Misioná. Naʻe fakangāueʻi ʻe he kōmití ʻa Kōtoni B. Hingikelī, ko ha faifekau ne toki ʻosi mai mo e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí he kahaʻú, ke ne tohi e ngaahi pōpoakí fakataha lotú mo e tulama maʻá e letioó, kau ai e ngaahi polokalama hangē ko e Sunday Church Hour, The Fulness of Times, A New Witness for Christ, mo e The Church’s Attitude.⁸ ʻI he taimi tatau, naʻe fakalahi ʻe he Siasí ʻa e feituʻu ke aʻu ki ai ʻenau polokalamá ʻaki hono fakatau ha ngaahi kautaha letiō ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití.

Neongo ne ola lelei hono fakamafola ʻe he ngaahi meʻangāue ʻahiʻahí ha ngaahi ʻīmisi ʻi he letioó ʻi he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1900 tupú, ka ko e ʻilo foʻou ia ʻa ʻEtuini H. ʻAmisitulongo mo Filo T. Faniuefi, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Siasí mei ʻAitahō, naʻe lava ai ʻo maʻu e televīsoné ʻi he ngaahi ʻapí.⁹ ʻI ʻOkatopa 1948, naʻe fakaangaanga ai ekau taki ʻo e Siasí hono fakamafola e konifelenisi lahí ʻi he televīsoné ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi e ngaahi televīsone ne hulu fakangatangata ʻi he ʻū fale ʻi he Temipale Sikueá. Naʻe kamataʻi ʻe he KSL ʻa e fuofua kautaha televīsone fakakomēsiale ʻi ʻIutā ʻi he taʻu hono hokó pea fakahoko e fuofua fakamafola ʻo e konifelenisi lahí ki he kakai tokolahi ʻi ʻOkatopa 1949. ʻI he hokohoko atu e tupulaki ʻa e Siasí , naʻe tokoni e ngaahi kupu fengāueʻaki ʻa e KSL mo e ngaahi kautaha kehe ʻa e Siasí ke aʻu ki ha ngaahi haʻofanga kakai ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo ʻIulope pea mo ʻAmelika Latina.¹⁰

ʻI he 1962, naʻe fakaaʻu ʻe he fuofua satelaite fetuʻutaki ne takatakai ʻi he māmaní ʻa e letioó, televīsoné, mo e telefoní ki he funga ʻo e māmaní. Naʻe ʻasi ʻa e Kuaea ʻa e Tāpanekalé he taʻu ko iá ʻi he fuofua fakamafola fakasatelaite fakamāmani lahí, ko ha polokalama ne fakamafola mei Mt. Rushmore ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití.¹¹ Naʻe ngāue ʻa Tēvita M. Kenetī, ko ha taha Siasi ngāue pangikē mo e fakafofonga makehe ʻa e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí, ʻi he poate ʻa e COMSAT, ko ha kautaha satelaite ʻo e puleʻanga ʻIunaiteti Siteití.¹² Mei he taukei ne maʻu ʻe Kenetií, naʻe ngāue vave ai ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ke fakaʻaongaʻi e tekinolosia foʻou ko ʻení lolotonga e faʻa feliliuaki ʻa e ngaahi laó. Naʻa nau fokotuʻu ha ngaahi satelaite ʻi he ngaahi ʻapisiasi lahi he funga ʻo e māmaní pea fengāueʻaki mo e Bonneville International ke fakahoko e ngaahi fakamafola fakasatelaité. ʻI he 1980 tupú, naʻe fakahoko ʻe ha ngaahi satelaite ne fakalele ʻe he Siasí ha ngaahi fakamafola ʻo e konifelenisi lahí mo ha ngaahi fakataha kehe, ʻo fakaʻatā ai e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó ke nau kau he ngaahi polokalama fakamafola hangatonú. Naʻe tokoni foki e fakamafola fakatuʻapuleʻangá ki he fakatonu lea ʻo e konifelenisi lahí ʻi he ngaahi lea fakafonua kehé, ko ha meʻa naʻe kamataʻi he 1961 ʻi he taimi naʻe liliu ai ʻa e polokalamá ki he lea faka-Hōlaní, faka-Siamané, faka-Haʻamoá, mo e faka-Sipeiní. ʻI ʻEpeleli ʻo e 2000, naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, Kōtoni B. Hingikelī, ʻa e fuofua fakatapui ʻo e temipalé ke fakamafola ʻi he televīsoné mei he Temipale Palmyra New York ofi ki he Vaoʻakau Tapú, ki he ngaahi siteiki senitā ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní.¹³

Ko e hiva ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekale Māmongá ʻi Mt. Rushmore ki he fuofua fakamafola televīsone fakasatelaite fakamāmani lahí, ʻi he 1962.

Naʻe hoko e tupulaki ʻa e letioó mo e televīsoné ke ʻi ai ha mītia lahi mo kehekehe maʻá e haʻofanga kakai fakatuʻapuleʻangá. Talu mei he 1900 tupú, kuo hokohoko atu ke fakalahi ʻe he tekinolosia ʻinitanetí ʻa e mītia ʻo e Siasí, tautautefito hili e kamata ke tokoni e ʻinitaneti vavé ki he fakamafola fakakomipiutá. Ko e konifelenisi lahi ʻo ʻOkatopa 1999 naʻe fuofua fakamafola fakamāmani lahi ʻi he ʻinitanetí, pea kuo fakamafola ʻe he Siasí talu mei ai ha ngaahi polokalama kehekehe ʻi he meʻangāue toʻotoʻó mo e mītia angamahení.¹⁴ ʻI he 2021, naʻe fakamafola ʻa e konifelenisi lahí he televīsoné mo e letioó ki he ngaahi fonua ʻe 70 tupu, pea laka hake he kakai ʻe laui milioná kuo nau maʻu ia ʻi he ʻinitanetí.¹⁵

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

M. Russell Ballard, “Using New Media to Support the Work of the Church,” Newsroom, Dec. 15, 2007, newsroom.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/article/using-new-media-to-support-the-work-of-the-church.

Ryan Morgenegg, “A Historic Look at the Church’s Use of Media,” Church News, Oct. 9, 2014, ChurchofJesusChrist.org/church/news/a-historic-look-at-the-churchs-use-of-media.

“Multimedia,” newsroom.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/multimedia.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Erik Barnouw, A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 3 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966–1970).

Bruce L. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” ʻi he Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 232–34.

Pearl F. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2 (1964), 130–44.

Sherry Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline: 1827–2007,” Faculty Publications, no. 959 (2007), Brigham Young University, http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/1452.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Public Relations, Tabernacle Choir

1. Erik Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 4; Bruce L. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” ʻi he Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 232.

2. Pearl F. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2 (1964), 130–39.

3. Heber J. Grant, in Conference Report, Oct. 3, 1924, 2.

4. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” 142–43.

5. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1915 mo e 2018, naʻe ui e Kuaeá ko e “Mormon Tabernacle Choir”; naʻe liliu e hingoá ki he “The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square” ʻi he 2018; vakai ki he Tefito: Tabernacle Choir; Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 61.

6. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” 142–43; Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 232–33; “Music & the Spoken Word,” The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, https://www.thetabernaclechoir.org/music-spoken-word.html; Barnouw, A Tower in Babel, 250. Vakai foki Tefito: Tabernacle Choir.

7. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 233; Ryan Morgenegg, “A Historic Look at the Church’s Use of Media,” Church News, Oct. 9, 2014, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/a-historic-look-at-the-churchs-use-of-media.

8. Sheri L. Dew, Go Forward with Faith: The Biography of Gordon B. Hinckley (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1996), 94, 100–101.

9. Erik Barnouw, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 77–83.

10. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 233; Sherry Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline: 1827–2007,” Faculty Publications, no. 959, 48–50, Brigham Young University, http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/1452.

11. J. B. Haws, The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 23–24; Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 121.

12. Martin Berkeley Hickman, David Matthew Kennedy: Banker, Statesman, Churchman (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1987), 179–80; Barnouw, Tube of Plenty, 310–15.

13. “General Conference Interpretation Fact Sheet,” Newsroom, https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/general-conference-interpretation-fact-sheet; Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline.”

14. “Conference Broadcast on the Internet,” Ensign, Nov. 1999, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1999/11/news-of-the-church/conference-broadcast-on-the-internet; Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline.”

15. “Another General Conference of Firsts This Easter Weekend,” Deseret News, Mar. 29, 2021, https://www.deseret.com/faith/2021/3/29/22338105/another-general-conference-of-firsts-this-easter-weekend-broadcast-to-70-countries-worldwide-lds.