Tuʻutuʻuni ke Fakaʻauhá

Ko e tuʻutuʻuni ke fakaʻauhá ko e hingoa ia ʻoku faʻa ngāue ʻaki ke ʻuhinga ki he tuʻutuʻuni fakapuleʻanga naʻe fakamoʻoni hingoa ki ai ʻi he ʻaho 27 ʻo{3}ʻOkatopa, 1838, ʻa Lilipeni  W. Pōkisi, ko e kōvana ʻo Mīsuli lolotonga e Tau ʻa e Māmongá mo Mīsuli ʻi he 1838.¹ Naʻe feinga ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní ke fakangata he vave tahá ʻa e moveuveú ʻaki hono fekau ke “fakaʻauha pe tuli [e kau Māmongá] mei he Vahefonuá ʻo ka fie maʻu.”²

ʻI he 1838, naʻe fakamanamanaʻi mo ʻohofi ʻe he kau fakaaoao ne nau fehiʻa ki he Māmongá ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne nau nofo ʻi Mīsulí. ʻI he aʻu ki ʻOkatopá, naʻe moveuveu ʻa e mafai pule fakapuleʻanga ʻi he fakatokelau-hihifo ʻo Mīsulí, pea naʻe tuli ʻe he kakai ne fehiʻa ki he Māmongá ʻa e kāingalotu ‘o e Siasí mei honau ngaahi ʻapí. Naʻe ʻilonga ʻaupito hono tukunoaʻi pē ʻe he kau sōtia fakalotofonuá ʻa e ngaahi tohi tangi ʻa e Kāingalotú ke maluʻi kinautolu mei he ngaahi fakamamahi ʻa e kau fakatangá. Naʻe fai ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi meʻa ke maluʻi ai kinautolu, ko ha niʻihi ne nau fakafetau ki he ngaahi hūfangaʻanga ʻa e kau fakatangá ʻaki ʻenau tutu honau nofoʻangá mo faʻao ʻenau koloá. Ko e taimi ne fepaki ai ha kulupu kau sōtia ʻa e vahefonuá mo ha kulupu fakahaofi moʻui ʻa e Māmongá ʻi he Vaitafe Pikopikó, naʻa nau tau fana meʻafana pea naʻe mālōlō ai ha kau Māmonga ʻe toko tolu mo ha toko taha taʻesiasi.³

Naʻe hoko ʻa e fetauʻaki ko ʻení ke fakautuutu ai e talalakulaku ʻe he nusipepa fakalotofonuá ʻa e fakamamahi ʻa e Māmongá. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe fai ʻa e fekeʻikeʻí ʻi ha maile ʻe 100 mei he kolomuʻa fakavahefonuá, ʻa ia naʻe taʻofi ai ha fetuʻutaki ola lelei. Naʻe tui ha niʻihi tokolahi ʻi he vahefonuá naʻe feinga ʻa e kau Māmongá ke nau kau ʻi ha tau fakafepaki. Naʻe aofangatuku ʻe Kōvana Pokesi ʻo pehē naʻe hanga ʻe he kau Māmongá ʻo “fakahāhaaʻi ʻenau fakafepaki ki he laó” pea kuo nau “fakatupu kē ki he kakai ʻo e Vahefonua ko ʻení,” naʻá ne fakaʻatā ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni fakapuleʻanga naʻe fakamafaiʻi ai e kau sōtia fakavahefonuá ke nau taʻotaʻofi ʻa e angatuʻu ko ʻení.⁴

Naʻe maʻu ʻe Seniale Samuela D. Lūkasi, ʻa ia naʻe kemi fakataha mo e kau sōtiá ʻi tuʻa ʻi he ʻuluʻi ʻōfisi ʻo e Siasí ʻi Hihifo Mamaʻó, ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní ʻi he ʻaho 30 ʻo ʻOkatopá pea naʻa nau laka atu ki he koló.  Naʻá ne tuʻutuʻuni ke foaki ʻe he Kāingalotu kotoa pē ʻenau koloá ke totongi ʻaki e ngaahi maumau ʻa e kakai ne ʻikai Māmongá pea nau mavahe leva mei he vahefonuá he taimi pē ko iá. Hili hono puke pōpula ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá, naʻe fakavavevaveʻi ʻe Lūkasi ha hopo fakakautau peá ne tuʻutuʻuni ai ke fakapoongi ʻa Siosefa. Naʻe tui ʻa ʻAlekisanitā Tonifeni, ko e ʻōfisa naʻe fatongia ʻaki hono fakahoko ʻo e fakapōngí, naʻe taʻefakalao ʻa e ngāué pea naʻe ʻikai ai ke ne fakahoko ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní. Ka neongo iá, naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau sōtiá ʻa e mālohi naʻe fakamafaiʻi ʻe he tuʻutuʻuní, ʻo iku ai ki he hikifonua kotoa ʻa e Kāingalotú ki ʻIlinoisí.⁵

ʻOku teʻeki pē ke mahino e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻa Pokesi ki hono fakahoko ʻo e tuʻutuʻuní. Naʻe fakamahamahalo ʻe ha tokolahi naʻá ne fakamafaiʻi ʻa e fakaʻauha ʻo ha kulupu tokolahi pea naʻá ne fakafekauʻaki ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní mo e fakapō fakatokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻe toko 17 ʻi he Fahiʻanga Papa Hauní hili pē ia ha ʻaho ʻe tolu hono tuku maí. Ka ko e kau fakaaoao ia ne nau fehiʻa ki he Māmongá naʻa nau fakahoko e fakapō fakatokolahí, kae ʻikai ko e kau sōtia ʻa e fakavahefonuá, pea ʻoku ʻikai ha fakamoʻoni ke ne fakahaaʻi mai naʻe ʻi ai ha ʻilo ʻa e kau fakaaoaó ki he tuʻutuʻuni ʻa e kōvaná.

ʻI he taimi ko iá, naʻe kau ʻi he ʻuhinga ʻo e foʻi lea fakaʻauha ʻa e malava ke fakamālohiʻi ke fetukutukú. Hangē ko ʻení, ko e taimi naʻe fakamālohiʻi ai e kau ʻInitia ʻAmeliká ke nau mavahé, naʻe ngāue ʻaki ʻe he kau ngāue fakapuleʻanga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e kupuʻi lea tau ke fakaʻauhá ke fakamatalaʻi ʻaki ʻa hono fakamālohiʻi ke “tuli fakaʻaufuli” pe “ʻauha kotoa” ʻa e kau ʻInitiá.⁶ Naʻe fakatetuʻa e kau taki fakakautaú ʻe hoko e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ke tulí ke hoko ai ha fakafepaki fītaʻa, ʻa ia ko e ʻuhingá ʻe malava pē ke fai ha “ʻauhamālie” ai, neongo ko e olá ko e fetukutuku.⁷

Neongo naʻe kehekehe e fakakaukau ʻa e kakaí, ka naʻe fakaangaʻi lahi ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni ko ia ke tulí. Hili ha māhina ʻe taha hono tukuange mai e tuʻutuʻuní, naʻe tohi ʻe ha tokotaha taʻesiasi naʻe faʻu lao ha fakamatala ʻi he nusipepá ʻo fakaangaʻi hono ngāue ʻaki e kau sōtia fakavahefonuá ke tauʻi ʻaki e kau Māmongá ʻo pehē ko hano faʻao ia ʻo e totonu fakalotú mo fakasivilé Hili ha meimei māhina ʻe ua mei aí, naʻe pehē ʻe ha mēmipa ʻo e fakamaauʻanga fakafonua ʻo Mīsulí naʻe taʻe-fakakonisitūtone ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní pea naʻá ne palōmesi ke ne poleʻi ia “neongo ai pē kapau ʻe tuʻu toko taha ʻi ha haʻohaʻonga ʻo ha toko laumano.”⁸ Naʻe foaki ʻe he kakai ʻi ʻIlinoisí ha taulanga ū ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí naʻe kumi hūfangá, ko e fakahaaʻi ia ʻenau fakafepaki ki he ngaahi fakatanga ʻi Mīsulí. ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e 1839, naʻe fakatokangaʻi ai ʻa e fakamamahi naʻe fai ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí he taimi naʻe taki ai ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ha kulupu ki he kolomuʻá ke nau feinga ke fakatonutonu e meʻa naʻe hokó.⁹

Hili ha senituli mei he taimi naʻe hoko ai ʻa hono tuli e konga lahi ʻo e Kāingalotú, ko ha niʻihi tokosiʻi pē ʻo e kau Māmongá naʻe nofo ʻi Mīsulí pea naʻe ʻikai ha fekeʻikeʻi. Hili ha ngaahi taimi, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Siasí ha ngaahi kolo mo e ngaahi siteiki ʻi he vahefonuá. ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe tokolahi ange kakai ne kamata ke nau ʻiloʻi ko ha angakovi ʻa hono fakamamahiʻi ʻe he fakavahefonuá ʻa e fanga kiʻi kulupu tokosiʻí. ʻI he 1976, naʻe fakataʻeʻaongaʻi ʻe he kōvana ʻo Mīsuli ko Kulisitofā S. Poní ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni ʻa Pokesí, ʻo ne fakamatala ʻo pehē naʻe “hā mahino ʻene maumauʻi e totonu ki he moʻuí, tauʻatāiná, koloá mo e tauʻatāina fakalotú” pea naʻe fakapapauʻi ia ʻe he ongo konisitūtone ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo e vahefonua Mīsulí fakatouʻosi. Naʻe fakafofongaʻi ʻe Poni ʻa e kakai ʻo Mīsulí ʻi heʻene fakahaaʻi ʻene “fakameʻapangoʻia ʻi he fakamaau taʻetotonu mo e mamahi” naʻe hilifaki ʻe he tuʻutuʻuní ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.¹⁰

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, topics.lds.org.

Mark Ashurst-McGee, David W. Grua, Elizabeth A. Kuehn, Brenden W. Rensink, and Alexander L. Baugh, eds., Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 265–78.

Bibliography

Ko e ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ʻoku nau ʻomai ha toe fakamatala fekauʻaki pea mo e tefitó. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ʻuhinga ia ʻoku mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu honau kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa honau kau faʻú.

Lilburn W. Boggs, Executive Order to John B. Clark, Oct. 27, 1838, Missouri State Archives, sos.mo.gov.

Christopher S. Bond, Executive Order, June 25, 1976, Missouri State Archives, sos.mo.gov.

Alexander L. Baugh, “The Mormons Must Be Treated as Enemies,” in Susan Easton Black and Andrew C. Skinner, eds., Joseph: Exploring the Life and Ministry of the Prophet (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005), 284–95.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Mormon-Missouri War of 1838 [Tau ʻa e Māmongá mo Mīsuli ʻi he 1838], Hawn’s Mill Massacre [Fakapō Fakatokolahi ʻi he Fahiʻanga Papa Hauní], Vigilantism [Ngaahi Kulupu Taʻefakalaó], Liberty Jail [Fale Fakapōpula Lipetií], Jackson County Violence [Fakamamahi ʻi he Vahefonua Siakisoní]

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Mormon-Missouri War of 1838 [Tau ʻa e Māmongá mo Mīsuli ʻi he 1838].

2. Lilburn W. Boggs, Executive Order to John B. Clark, Oct. 27, 1838, Missouri State Archives, sos.mo.gov.

3. Alexander L. Baugh, “The Mormons Must Be Treated as Enemies,” in Susan Easton Black and Andrew C. Skinner, eds., Joseph: Exploring the Life and Ministry of the Prophet (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005), 291–92.

4. Boggs, Executive Order, Oct. 27, 1838; Baugh, “The Mormons Must Be Treated as Enemies,” 292.

5. History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources, Including a History of Their Townships, Towns and Villages, Together with a Condensed History of Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1886), 132–37.

6. Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 323, 328–29, 342–43.

7. Baugh, “The Mormons Must Be Treated as Enemies,” 292–93. Kimuʻa pea fakalalahi hono ʻohofi ʻo e kau Māmongá ʻi Mīsulí, naʻe lea ʻa Sitenei Likitoni, ko e tokoni ki he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí, fekauʻaki mo ha “tau ke fakaʻauha,” ʻo ne fakahaaʻi ai ʻene fakaʻamu ke maluʻi ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí honau tukui ʻapí. Naʻe fakahaaʻi heʻene ngaahi leá ʻa e fakafeʻātungia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Māmongá mo e kakai Mīsulí, kae ʻikai ko haʻane fekau ke fakaʻauha ʻa e kakai Mīsulí. Naʻá ne fakaʻamu mo e Kāingalotu kehé ke nau nofo melino mo honau tukui kaungāʻapí ka naʻe ʻikai ke nau fie tukulolo ki he ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻa honau kau fakafilí. Sidney Rigdon, Oration Delivered by Mr. S. Rigdon: On the 4th of July, 1838 (Far West: Journal Office, 1838), 12.

8. “Letter from the Editor,” Daily Missouri Republican, Jan. 10, 1839, 2; spelling standardized.

9. Spencer W. McBride, “When Joseph Smith Met Martin Van Buren: Mormonism and the Politics of Religious Liberty in Nineteenth-Century America,” Church History, vol. 85, no. 1 (Mar. 2016), 150–58.

10. Christopher S. Bond, Executive Order, June 25, 1976, Missouri State Archives, sos.mo.gov.