Totonu ʻa e Houʻeiki Fafiné ke Filí

ʻI he senituli 19, naʻe faikehekehe lahi e ngaahi faingamālie fakasōsiale mo fakapolitikale ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné mei he kakai tangatá ʻi ha ngaahi fonua lahi. Naʻe angamaheni ʻaki ʻa e ʻikai malava ke maʻu ʻe he houʻeiki fafiné ʻa e totonu tatau mo e houʻeiki tangatá ʻi he puleʻangá, maʻu kelekelé, ako fakaʻatamaí, ngāue maʻuʻanga moʻuí, mo hono tauhi ʻo e fānaú. Ne meimei ko e kakai tangatá pē naʻe kemipeini ki he ngaahi lakanga fili fakapuleʻangá.¹ Ka neongo ia, naʻe kamata ke tokolahi ange ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ne kamata ke nau kau atu ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapuleʻangá ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻa nau fokotuʻu pea kau atu ki ha ngaahi sosaieti lelei pea hoko ko ha mālohi makehe ʻi ha ngaahi ngāue ke poupouʻi ʻa e anga-fakamaʻumaʻú pea ke fakangata ʻa e nofo hopoaté.

Naʻe fakataha ʻi Siulai ʻo e 1848 ha kau fakahāhāloto fakasōsiale ʻe toko 300 tupu ʻi Sinekā Folo, Niu ʻIoke, ʻi ha ʻaho ʻe ua ʻo fakahoko ha ngaahi lea mo ha tipeiti ʻi ha ngaahi fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi totonu fakapuleʻanga mo fakalotu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné. ʻI he fakaʻosinga ʻo e konifelenisí, naʻe tuku atu ʻe ʻElisapesi Keiti Sitenitoni ʻa e Fanongonongo Fekauʻaki mo e Ongó (Declaration of Sentiments), ko ha fakamatala ʻoku kau ai ʻa e ʻiloʻi ʻa hono fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻi ʻo e houʻeiki fafiné ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakalaó, fakapaʻangá, fakaakó, mo e fakasōsialé pea tuʻutuʻuni ke foaki ki he houʻeiki fafiné ʻa e totonu ke nau kau ʻi he fili fakapuleʻangá.² Naʻe hoko e ngaahi fakataha hangē ko e Konifelenisi ʻi Sinekā Foló ke tupulaki ai hono kamataʻi ʻo ha kemipeini ne fokotuʻutuʻu ki he totonu ke filí, ko ha ngāue naʻe ʻiloa ko e “totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí.”

Naʻe ʻosi maʻu foki ʻe he houʻeiki fafine ʻo e Siasí ha aʻusia ʻi he moʻui fakafonuá ʻi Mīsuli mo ʻIlionisi fakatouʻosi. Ne tangi e houʻeiki fafine ko ʻení ki he puleʻangá ki ha tokoni hili hono fakatangaʻi kinautolu ʻi Mīsulí pea kamataʻi ai ʻa hono fokotuʻu ʻo e Fineʻofá ʻi Nāvuú. Naʻe fakalotolahiʻi ʻe he kau taki Fineʻofa fakasiteiki mo fakauooti ʻi ʻIutaá e houʻeiki fafiné ke fakahaaʻi ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú.³

Naʻe makatuʻunga mei hono fakafepakiʻi ʻe he puleʻangá e mali tokolahí hono fakahoko ko ia ha ngaahi ngāue fakapolitikale ʻe he houʻeiki fafine ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 1870 tupú.⁴ ʻI he Fineʻofa ʻa e Uooti Sōleki Houngofulu Mā Nimá, naʻe ui ai ʻe Palesiteni Sela Kimipolo ke fakataha mai e houʻeiki fafiné ke nau sio ki he founga ke tali ai ki he lao ʻo e puleʻangá ki hono fakafepakiʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí. Naʻe tānaki atu ʻe Patisepa Sāmita ʻo pehē, “Oku mau ʻekeʻi mei he kōvaná ʻa e totonu ke kamataʻi ha kautahá.”⁵ Naʻe tui e kau taki ko ʻení ʻe lava ʻe he totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí ʻo ʻai ke malava e Kāingalotú ʻo kei pukepuke ʻenau nofomalí mo e tauʻatāina fakalotú. ʻI he ʻikai ke nau ʻiloʻi e loloto ʻo e tui ko iá, naʻe pehē ʻe ha niʻihi ʻo e kau fakafepaki fakapuleʻanga ki he mali tokolahí ka fakangofua e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ʻIutaá ke filí, te nau fili ke fakataʻeʻaongaʻi e mali tokolahí.⁶

Naʻe fakaʻohovale ki he fonuá ʻi he 1870 hono fokotuʻu ʻe he lao fakavahefonua ʻIutaá ha lao ʻo foaki ki he houʻeiki fafiné ʻa e totonu ke filí, pea naʻe hoko ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ʻIutaá ko e fuofua niʻihi ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke nau fili ʻi he fili fakalotofonuá.⁷ Naʻe kau foki mo e houʻeiki fafine ʻo ʻIutaá ʻi he kemipeini fakafonua ki he ngaahi totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné fakataha mo e kau taki ki he ngaahi totonu ke filí hangē ko ʻElisapesi Keiti Sitenitoni mo Sūsana B. ʻAnitoní, neongo naʻe ʻi ai ha niʻihi ʻi he ngaahi kautaha fakafonuá ne nau fakahāhāloto ke ʻoua ʻe fakakau e houʻeiki fafine mali tokolahí.⁸

ʻI he taʻu 1887, naʻe toʻo ʻe he puleʻanga fakafonuá ʻa e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke fili ʻi ʻIutaá ko ha konga ʻo e Lao ʻEtimani-Taká ki hono fakafepakiʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí. Naʻe tali ki ai e houʻeiki fafine ʻIutaá ʻaki hono fokotuʻu ʻo e Kautaha Fakavahefonua ki he Totonu ʻa e Houʻeiki Fafiné ke Filí, ʻo feinga mālohi ke fakafoki mai ʻenau ngaahi totonú kotoa. ʻI he taʻu ʻe valu hono hokó, ne nau palani ha ngaahi polokalama ʻi he tukui kolo iiki mo lalahi ʻi ʻIutaá, ʻoatu ha kau mēmipa ki he ngaahi konifelenisi fakapuleʻanga ki he ngaahi totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné, mo aleaʻi ha ngaahi lao fakavahefonua ki hono toe langa hake kinautolú.⁹

ʻI he konifelenisi fakakonisitūtone ʻo e 1895 ʻi ʻIutaá, naʻe aleaʻi ai ʻe he kau faʻu laó pe ʻe fakakau ʻa e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí ʻi heʻenau fokotuʻu ki he Fale Alea ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke hoko ia ko ha siteití. Naʻe fakamoʻoni mālohi ʻa ʻOasoni F. Uitenī ʻa ia naʻe hoko kimui ange ko ha ʻAposetoló, ki he totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí. Naʻá ne pehē, “ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e totonu ʻa ha fefine ke kau ʻi he ngaahi ngāue ʻa e puleʻangá. Naʻe fakataumuʻa ia ki ai. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻene totonu ki ai.”¹⁰ Naʻe pāloti ʻa e niʻihi ʻi he konifelenisí ʻo tali e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí, pea ʻi hono tali ke hoko ia ko ha siteiti ʻi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi mei aí, naʻe hoko ʻa ʻIutā ko e siteiti hono tolu ʻa e ʻIunioní ke fakalahi ʻa e vahevahe tatau fakapolitikale ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné. ʻI he taʻu 1920, naʻe maʻu ʻe he houʻeiki fafine ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e totonu ke filí ʻi he Liliu Hono 19 ki he Konisitūtone ʻo ʻAmeliká.

Naʻe kamata foki ʻa e mafola ki tuʻa mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí ʻi he senituli 19. Naʻe kamata ha ngaahi fonua, vahefonua, siteiti, mo ha ngaahi kolonia ke nau fakafeʻiloaki e ngaahi totonu ke fili ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ki ha niʻihi hangē ko kinautolu ne uitou, vete mali, maʻu ʻapi pe totongi tukuhaú. ʻI he 1893, naʻe hoko ʻa Nuʻu Sila ko e fuofua puleʻanga tauʻatāina ke foaki ʻa e totonu fakamāmanilahi ki he houʻeiki fafiné ke nau kau ʻi he filí. Naʻe foaki ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga kehé ʻa e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí ʻi he senituli 20 mo e 21. Ne toki malava kimuí ni ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ʻi Saute ʻAlepeá ʻo fili ʻi he taʻu 2015.

ʻOku hokohoko atu e kau ʻa e houʻeiki tangata mo fafine ʻo e Siasí ki he ngaahi ʻekitivitī fakapuleʻanga mo fakapolitikalé pea kau longomoʻui atu ki he ngaahi ngāue lelei ke fakatupulaki honau tukui koló ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e puleʻangá.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Part 3: 1867–1879,” ʻi he Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 235–434.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Carol Cornwall Madsen, ed., Battle for the Ballot: Essays on Woman Suffrage in Utah, 1870–1896 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997).

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai, Tefito: Ngaahi Faʻunga Fakalao mo Fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká.

2. Carol Cornwall Madsen, “Introduction,” ʻi he Carol Cornwall Madsen, ed., Battle for the Ballot: Essays on Woman Suffrage in Utah, 1870–1896 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997), 2–3.

3. Vakai, “Introduction,” ʻi he Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, mo Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), xvii–xxxiv. Vakai foki, Tefito: Felototahaʻakí.

4. Vakai, Tefito: Plural Marriage in Utah, Antipolygamy Legislation.

5. Salt Lake Stake Fifteenth Ward Relief Society, Minutes 1868–1873, Jan. 6, 1870, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

6. Vakai, Madsen, “Introduction,” 6–7.

7. Ko e lao Uaiomingí naʻá ne fuofua foaki ʻa e totonu maʻá e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí, ka naʻe tomuʻa fakahoko ʻa e fili fakalotofonua ʻa ʻIutaá ʻi Uaiomingi, ko ia, ne fuofua fili ai ʻa e houʻeiki fafine ʻo ʻIutaá. Vakai, “Minutes of ‘Ladies Mass Meeting,’ January 6, 1870,” ʻi he Derr mo e niʻihi kehe, The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 305–10.

8. Madsen, “Introduction,” 7–9.

9. Emmeline B. Wells, “Utah,” ʻi he Susan B. Anthony mo Ida Husted Harper, eds., The History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 4 (Rochester: Susan B. Anthony, 1902), 936–56.

10. Vakai, Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, Carol Cornwall Madsen, mo Jill Mulvay Derr, “The Latter-day Saints and Women’s Rights, 1870–1920: A Brief Survey,” ʻi he Madsen, Battle for the Ballot, 102. Ki ha fakamatala lahi ange ʻi he tipeiti fekauʻaki mo e totonu ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné ke filí, vakai, Jean Bickmore White, “Woman’s Place Is in the Constitution: The Struggle for Equal Rights in Utah in 1895,” ʻi he Madsen, Battle for the Ballot, 221–44.