Fakamavahevaheʻi Fakamatakalí

Lolotonga e ngaahi taʻu ʻo e 1800, ne kamata ke tukutukuange atu e nofo pōpulá makatuʻunga ʻi he fakamatakalí ko ha fakakaukau motuʻa ne laulaui senituli hono poupouʻi ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga lahi ʻo ʻIulopé. Ne fakangata ʻe he ngaahi siteiti tauʻatāina foʻou ʻo e kakai Sipeini ʻi ʻAmeliká e nofo pōpulá ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1830 mo e 1850. Ne fakalaoʻi ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga ʻIulopé hono taʻofi e nofo pōpulá ʻo kamata mei Pilitānia ʻi he 1833. ʻI he 1865 ne fakangata ʻe he ʻIunaiteti Siteití e nofo pōpulá, mei he fakamoʻoni aleapau ʻo e Fakalelei ki he Lao 13 ʻo e Konisitūtoné. Ka ko e meʻa pangó, he naʻe kei mafola lahi pē e fetāufehiʻaʻaki fakamatakalí ko e tupu mei he nofo pōpulá. Ne fokotuʻu ha ngaahi lao mo ha ngaahi faʻunga foʻou ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻo e māmaní ʻo fakataumuʻa ke kei hoko atu pē e fakamavahevaheʻi fakamatakalí mo fakatolonga e tuʻunga māʻolunga fakasōsiale, fakaʻekonōmika, mo fakapolitikale e hako ʻo e kakai ʻIulopé.¹

Ne fuʻu fakaʻauliliki mo mahino ʻaupito ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga foʻou ko ʻení. Hangē ko ʻení, ne tuʻutuʻuni ʻe he lao ko e Simi Koloú (Jim Crow) he 1870 ʻa ia ne fakahoko ʻi he ngaahi konga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, mo ha ngaahi meʻa kehe, ʻa hono fakamavahevaheʻi e ngaahi ngāue ʻa e puleʻangá ki he matakalí mo hono fokotuʻu ha ngaahi faʻunga naʻá ne taʻofi ai e kakai ʻUliʻulí mei hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻenau totonu ke fili pe mali ki tuʻa mei honau matakalí.² Ne taʻofi ʻe he ngaahi lao lau lanu ko ia ne fakahoko ʻi Saute ʻAfilika ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1900 mo e 1948 e mali ʻa ha matakali kehekehe, fakangatangata e maʻu ngāué mo e ngaahi faingamālie fakapolitikalé, mo fokotuʻu ha ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe ke nofo ai e kau ʻUliʻulí mo e kakai hinehina ʻo Saute ʻAfiliká.³ Neongo ʻa e malava ʻe he ngaahi ngaʻunu fakasōsialé hangē ko e ngaahi kautaha ki he totonu fakasivile ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1960 mo hono fakafepakiʻi e lau lanú ʻi Saute ʻAfiliká ʻo ikunaʻi ai e ngaahi tūkiaʻanga fakalaó, ka naʻe kei ʻi ai pē e ngaahi faʻunga fakasōsiale mo fakaʻekonōmika fakapoto lahi ange ne nau fetongi mai honau tuʻungá.

Ne feinga e ngaahi kautaha lotú ʻi ha ngaahi founga kehekehe ke talia e ngaahi moʻoniʻi meʻa ko ʻení. Ne fakaʻatā ʻe ha ngaahi siasi e kāingalotu ʻUliʻulí ke nau omi ki he lotú kae ʻai pē honau nofoʻanga kehe. ʻI ha ngaahi tūkunga ʻe niʻihi, ne mavaeua e ngaahi siasí ʻi he tuʻunga fakalotú.⁴ Hangē ko ʻení, ʻi he konga kimui ʻo e senituli 18, ne tokoni ʻa Lisiate ʻĒleni, ko ha faifekau ʻUliʻuli, ke fokotuʻu e Siasi Metotisi Fakaʻepikopō ʻAfiliká koeʻuhí ko e anga hono faʻa fakafaikehekeheʻi ia mo e kau Metotisi ʻUluʻuli kehé ʻi he ngaahi haʻofanga lotu kehe ʻa e Metotisí.⁵ Ne fakaʻatā ʻe he ngaahi siasi mavahe ko ʻení ha faingamālie ke lea mo tuʻu fakataha ai e kau ʻUliʻulí. Ne hoko e ngaahi siasi ʻo e kakai ʻUliʻulí ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ko ha ngaahi kautaha mahuʻinga ki he anga fakafonuá ʻo nau taaimuʻa ʻi hono teke e ngaahi totonu fakasivilé ke maʻu ha totonu lahi ange maʻá e kakai ʻUliʻuli ʻo ʻAmeliká. Naʻe toe hoko e fakamavahevaheʻí ko hano fakaehauaʻi mo ngaohikovia e kau lotu ʻUliʻuli tokolahi.⁶

Fakamavahevaheʻi pea mo e Siasí

Ne teʻeki ai pē ke ʻi ai ha tuʻutuʻuni tefito ia ʻa e Siasí ki hono fakamavahevaheʻi fakamatakali hono kāingalotú.⁷ Neongo ia, ka ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e konga kimui ʻo e senituli 19 mo e konga loto ʻo e senituli 20, ne faʻa hanga ʻe he kau taki fakalotofoua ʻe niʻihi ʻo fakahoko ha lotu mavahe ʻi honau kāingalotú, ʻo fakamahino ai ko e tuʻunga fakasōsiale totonú pē ia. Ne tokolahi ha kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne maʻu hanau ngaahi kaungāmeʻa mo e poupou ʻa e Siasí ʻi he komiunitií, ka naʻe ʻikai ke talitali lelei pea kei ngaohikovia kinautolu ʻe honau ngaahi tokoua mo e tuofāfine hinehiná pea tokolahi hanau niʻihi ne nau mavahe mei he Siasí.⁸ Ne ʻi ai ha niʻihi kehe ne lava ke nau feohi ʻi he ngaahi ʻātakai fakalotofonuá.⁹ Hangē ko ʻení, ne fakahoko pē e lotu ia ʻa Leni mo Mele Houpi ʻi ʻOhaiō, ʻIunaiteti Siteití, pea pehē kia Viliami Paula mo Kelela Taniela ʻo Keipi Tauni, Saute ʻAfiliká, ʻi honau ʻapí ʻo tokoni ki ai e kau faifekaú mo e kau taki fakakolo fakalotofonuá ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku fafangaʻi fakalaumālie honau fāmilí neongo e ʻikai ke tali lelei kinautolu ʻe he kāingalotu hinehina ʻo honau koló.¹⁰ Ne langa ʻe he kau paionia faivelenga Hauaiʻi ʻi ʻIutaá ha komiunitī ne ui ko Iosepa hili ʻa e ʻikai ke talitali lelei kinautolu ʻi Sōleki Sití.¹¹ ʻI ʻEli Paso ʻi Tekisisí, ne lelei ʻaupito e fakaʻaliʻali faiva mo e sipoti ʻa e toʻu tupu lea faka-Sipeiní ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ne ʻikai ke fakaʻatā ai ke nau kau he feʻauhi fakavahelahi ʻa e Siasí mo e toʻu tupu hinehiná.¹²

Ne fakangata ʻe ha fakahā ʻi he 1978 e fakataputapui kimuʻa ʻa e Siasí ki hono fakanofo ki he lakanga fakataulaʻeikí mo e kau kakato ki he temipalé ʻa e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ko e hako ʻo e kau ʻUliʻuli ʻo ʻAfiliká.¹³ Ne tupu tokolahi ange e Siasí ʻi ʻAfilika mo e ngaahi konga kehe ʻo e māmaní ʻoku tokolahi ai ha ngaahi matakali kehekehe koeʻuhí ko e fakahā ko ʻení. Ne fakamahino ʻe he tupu tokolahi ko ʻení ʻa hono fiemaʻu lahi ange e uouangatahá, ʻofá, mo fakaʻapaʻapaʻi e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mei he ngaahi puipuituʻa kotoa pē.

ʻOku poupouʻi ʻe he faʻunga mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e Siasí ʻa e feohi fakamatakalí. ʻOku maʻulotu e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi ngataʻanga fakasiokālafi ʻo honau uooti fakalotofonuá, pe fakatahaʻanga lotú, pea fakamahino mai ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga fakamatakalí, fakaʻekonōmiká, mo e faʻunga ʻo e ngaahi uooti ʻo e Siasí e tūkunga ʻo ha komiunitī fakalotofonua lahi ange. ʻOku fakaʻatā foki ʻe he ngāue fakalotu ʻa e Siasí ke fai ha feohi: ʻa ia ko hano tokangaʻi ʻe ha pīsope ʻUliʻuli ha kāingalotu ʻoku meimei hinehina kotoa pē, mo ha fefine Sipeini ke hoa mo ha fefine ʻĒsia ke na ʻaʻahi ki ha ngaahi ʻapi ʻo ha kāingalotu mei ha matakali kehekehe. Ko e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he matakali mo e haʻa kehekehe ʻoku nau faʻa ngāue fefakaetauhiʻaki ʻi honau ngaahi ʻapí mo fua fatongia fakataha ko e kau faiako, kau takimuʻa ʻi he toʻu tupú, pea mo e ngaahi fatongia kehekehe ʻi honau haʻofanga lotu fakalotofonuá.

ʻOku kei feʻao pē e kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mo e kehekehe fakamatakalí mo e faikehekehe lahí. Ne kole mai ʻe Palesiteni Lāsolo M. Nalesoni ʻi he 2020 ki he Kāingalotú ke nau toe lelei ange. Naʻá ne akoʻi ʻo pehē, “ʻOku fiemaʻu ke tau fakaʻapaʻapaʻi moʻoni e ngeia fakaetangata ʻo e taha kotoa pē, ʻo tatau ai pē pe ʻoku lanu hā, matakali, pe tupuʻangá.” “Pea ʻoku fiemaʻu ke tau ngāue fai tōnunga ke fokotuʻu ha vā femahinoʻaki lelei pea ʻoua naʻa toe fai ha meʻa ke tupu ai ha ʻā vahevahe.”¹⁴

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Racial and Cultural Prejudice,” Gospel Topics, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/racial-prejudice.

“Diversity and Unity in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/diversity-and-unity.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Helen Z. Papanikolas, ed., The Peoples of Utah (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1976).

Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, “Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America,” American Historical Review, vol. 120, no. 2 (Apr. 2015), 433–61.

Khumbulani D. Mdletshe, “The Latter-day Saints and Race Issues in South Africa,” Mormon Studies Review, vol. 7 (2020), 44–45.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Slavery and Abolition, Priesthood and Temple Restriction

1. Vakai, David Eltis and David Richardson, eds., Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

2. Vakai, C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Commemorative Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998).

3. Vakai, John W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi lao lau lanu ko ʻení ne fakangata ia hili e 1989; ne fokotuʻu ʻe Saute ʻAfilika ha konisitūtone foʻou ʻi he 1994 ʻo ne ʻoange ai e totonu ʻa e tangataʻi mo e fefineʻi fonuá ke fili ʻa ia ne ʻikai ke fakangofua ia ʻe he faʻunga lau lanú.

4. Vakai, April E. Holm, A Kingdom Divided: Evangelicals, Loyalty, and Sectionalism in the Civil War Era (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017).

5. Vakai, Dennis C. Dickerson, The African Methodist Episcopal Church: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).

6. Vakai, Richard L. Wood, Faith in Action: Religion, Race, and Democratic Organizing in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

7. “Race and the Priesthood,” Gospel Topics Essays, https://churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics-essays/race-and-the-priesthood.

8. Ronald G. Coleman and Darius A. Gray, “Two Perspectives: The Religious Hopes of ‘Worthy’ African American Latter-day Saints before the 1978 Revelation,” chapter 3 in Newell G. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith, eds., Black and Mormon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 50–59; Jessie L. Embry, “Spanning the Priesthood Revelation (1978): Two Multigenerational Case Studies,” chapter 4 in Bringhurst and Smith, eds., Black and Mormon, 60–81.

9. Ki ha ngaahi sīpinga lahi ange, vakai, “Century of Black Mormons,” J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, https://exhibits.lib.utah.edu/s/century-of-black-mormons/page/welcome.

10. Len R. Hope, “The Testimony of Bro. Len R. Hope,” Testimony of Len R. Hope and Mary Hope, 1938, MS 20111, Church History Library, https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/assets?id=72c48317-499c-4223-9b9d-4df6b6ecc585; Coleman and Gray, “Two Perspectives,” 54–56; Khumbulani D. Mdletshe, “The Latter-day Saints and Race Issues in South Africa,” Mormon Studies Review, vol. 7 (2020), 44–45, 48. Vakai foki, “Written in Heaven,” ʻi he Saints: The Story of the Church of Jesus Christ in the Latter Days, vol. 3, Boldly, Nobly, and Independent, 1893–1955 (2022), https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/saints-v3/part-2/16-written-in-heaven.

11. Tracey E. Panek, “Life at Iosepa, Utah’s Polynesian Colony,” ʻi he Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp and Reid L. Neilson, eds., Proclamation to the People: Nineteenth-Century Mormonism and the Pacific Basin Frontier (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008), 170–81.

12. Interview with El Paso 3rd Ward Members: El Paso, Texas, September 20, 2014, Transcript, 24–25, OH 7221, Church History Library, https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/record/e634c61e-33c6-4ed9-8f71-d4689da8debf/0.

13. Vakai, Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi 2

14. Sydney Walker, “President Nelson Condemns Racism, Pleads for Peace,” Church News, June 1, 2020, https://www.thechurchnews.com/leaders-and-ministry/2020-06-01/president-nelson-addresses-race-in-social-media-post-185657; Sarah Jane Weaver, “President Nelson Calls upon Latter-day Saints ‘To Lead Out in Abandoning Attitudes and Actions of Prejudice,’” Church News, Oct. 4, 2020, https://www.thechurchnews.com/leaders-and-ministry/2020-10-04/general-conference-october-2020-sunday-morning-session-president-nelson-race-prejudice-equality-194725.