Fengāueʻaki

Hili ʻa e tau fakalotofonua ʻa ʻAmelika ʻi he taʻu 1860 tupú, naʻe tokanga ʻa e ngaahi pisinisi ne fakalele ʻi he fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ki he fakautuutu ʻo e māketi ʻi he Fakahihifó. Naʻe hohaʻa ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí naʻa pāʻusiʻi ʻe he ngaahi pangikeé mo e kau fefakatauʻakí ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo ʻIutaá, ʻaki ʻa hono uta mai ha ngaahi koloa hū mai, teke ki ʻolunga ʻa e ngaahi totongí pea fakatupu manavasiʻi ai ha kau pisinisi fakalotofonua.

Naʻe feinga ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ke fokotuʻu ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika ʻo ʻIutaá ʻo fakatefito ʻi he ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻo e fakatapuí mo e tuʻunga fakatakimuʻá ʻa ia ne fakahā maí pea mo e fuakava ke fetauhiʻaki ʻa e Kāingalotú.¹ Naʻá ne tui ʻe ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ko ʻení ha fakavaʻe fakaʻulungaanga ki he fakafetongi koloá mo e ngāué, pea naʻá ne tokanga ki he fekumi ki ha tupú he ʻoku faʻa iku ke tuʻumālie pē ai ha tokosiʻi. ʻI he tomuʻa ʻilo ko ia ʻe lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi pisinisi mei tuʻa ʻe haʻu ki he kolo fakalotofonuá koeʻuhí ko e lahi ange ʻa e halanga lēlué, naʻe tapou ai ʻa Pilikihami ki he Kāingalotú ʻi he taʻu 1865 ke fefakatauʻaki mo e kāingalotu pē ʻo e Siasí. Naʻá ne ʻamanaki ʻe fakapapauʻi heni ʻe tuʻu maʻu ai pē ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika fakalotofonua ʻa e Kāingalotú pea tali ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu vivili ʻa e masivá.

Ka neongo ia, naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e fie maʻu ʻo e ngaahi koloa hū maí, pea naʻe tupulaki ʻa e ngaahi pisinisi ʻa e niʻihi taʻe-Siasí. ʻI he taʻu 1867, naʻe toe hoko atu ai ʻa e Akoʻanga ʻo e Kau Palōfitá ke fakakaukauʻi ha ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakaʻekonōmika foʻou.² Naʻe faʻu ʻe he Akoʻangá ha palani: ʻe malava ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻo faʻu ha ngaahi aleapau fengāueʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau faʻu koloá mo e kau fakamāketí. Naʻa nau fakakaukau ʻe malava ʻe ha polokalama fengāueʻaki pehē ʻo maluʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika fakalotofonuá mei hono ngāue taʻefakapotopoto ʻaki ʻe he kakai pisinisi mei tuʻá pea fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e tō kehekehe ʻi he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.³

ʻI he taʻu 1868 ʻi Sōleki Siti, naʻe faʻu ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau pisinisi fakalotofonua kehé ʻa e Kautaha Fakamāketi Fetokoniʻaki ʻo Saioné (KFFS). Tānaki atu ki hono fakatau atu ʻo e valá mo e ngaahi koloa fakaeʻapí ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, naʻe fakatau atu ʻe he falekoloá e ngaahi meʻa fetokoniʻaki kehe pea mo e ngaahi koloa fakatau lahi. Naʻe tupulaki e fengāueʻakí ʻo aʻu ki ha ngaahi falekoloa fakatau lahi mo ha ngaahi falekoloa iiki ʻe laungeau ʻi he ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe lāunga ʻa e kau pisinisí ʻi he fuofua ola lelei ʻa e ngaahi falekoloa fetokoniʻakí, ʻo pehē ʻoku pule fakaleveleva ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻi he fefakatauʻaki tauʻatāiná ʻo puleʻi ʻaki ʻa e tui fakalotú.⁴ Ka neongo ia, naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he ngaahi kolo Siasi ʻe niʻihi ke fakatokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fetokoniʻaki fakaʻekonōmika ʻoku toe lelei angé pea faʻu e “tuʻutuʻuni fakatahatahá” ʻi he taʻu 1870 tupú ʻo fakatefito ʻi he taumuʻa tahá, fua ʻo e ngāué, pea mo e mavahe mei he ngaahi māketi lalahi angé.⁵

Ko e ngaahi falekoloa mo e ngaahi kautaha fetokoniʻaki ʻi he Hala Lahi, Sōleki Sití.

Naʻe holo e fengāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kautahá ʻi he 1870 tupú ʻi he ngaahi teke mei he lao fakafeʻātungiaʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi he taʻu 1880 tupú pea mo ha tō lalo fakaʻekonōmika ʻi he 1890 tupú.⁶ Neongo ia, naʻe tauhi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí e ngaahi kautaha fetokoniʻaki kimuʻá ko ha ngaahi kautaha pisinisi, tautefito ki he KFFS(ZCMI). Lolotonga e konga kimuʻa ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe hanga ʻe he polokalama tokangaekina ʻo e masivesivá ʻa ia naʻá ne teke e fengāueʻaki fakatahá ʻo ueʻi fakalaumālie ha polokalama uelofea ola lelei. Naʻe kei tokanga pē e Siasí ki he kautaha KFFS ʻo aʻu ki hono fakatau atu ki ha tafaʻaki kehe ʻo e falekoloá ʻi he taʻu 1999.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Leonard J. Arrington, Feramorz Y. Fox, and Dean L. May, Building the City of God: Community and Cooperation among the Mormons (Sōleki Siti: Deseret Book, 1976).

Martha Sonntag Bradley, ZCMI: America’s First Department Store (Sōleki Siti: ZCMI, 1991).

J. R. Kearl, Clayne L. Pope, mo Larry T. Wimmer, “Household Wealth in a Settlement Economy: Utah, 1850–1870,” Journal of Economic History, vōl. 40, fika 3 (Sept. 1980), 477–96.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻaki: United Orders, United Firm (“United Order”), Consecration and Stewardship, School of the Prophets, Pioneer Settlements

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Consecration and Stewardship.

2. Vakai ki he Tefito: School of the Prophets.

3. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻa e ngaahi sosaieti faama mo e ngaahi kautaha ʻi he ngaahi siteiti mo e ngaahi vahefonua kehé ʻo fakatefito ʻi he founga tatau pea mo e ngaahi hohaʻa tatau mo e ngaahi fengāueʻaki ʻi he kautaha fetokoniʻaki ʻi ʻIutaá; vakai, Thomas A. Woods, Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991).

4. Vakai ki he Tefito: Godbeites.

5. Vakai ki he Tefito: United Orders.

6. Vakai ki he Tefito: Antipolygamy Legislation.