Tau ʻi ʻIutaá

ʻI he taʻu 1856 mo e 1857, naʻe aʻusia ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá ha taimi fakaakeake fakalaumālie, pe “toe fokotuʻu,” fakataha mo ha ngaahi malanga lea mālohi ki hono fakafepakiʻi ʻo e hē mei he moʻoní mo e ngaahi tākiekina mei tuʻa.¹ ʻI he ongoʻi manavasiʻi ʻa kinautolu ne ʻikai ko ha Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mei he lahi ʻa e ngaahi tui kehekehé, ne nau fakahaaʻi ʻenau hohaʻá ʻi he ngaahi ongoongo ʻiloá. ʻI he taimi tatau, naʻe fakakikihi e kau taki fakaʻofisiale fakapuleʻangá mo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakapuleʻangá, pea ʻi he 1857 naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki he palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, Semisi Pukanani, ʻi he fale alea ʻo ʻAmeliká, he ʻikai ke nau toe kātakiʻi ʻa e “faihala” ʻa kinautolu ʻoku fokotuʻu ki ha ngaahi lakangá. Naʻe fakalotoʻi ʻe he pōpoaki ko ʻení mo e ngaahi luma kehe ʻa Pukananí e fai ha ngaahi fakafepaki ki he puleʻangá ʻi ʻIutaá, pea naʻá ne tuku atu ai ʻa ʻAlifeleti Kamingi mo ha kongakau tuʻu talifaki ʻa e puleʻangá naʻe ui ko e “Kongakau ʻIutaá” ko ha fakafeʻao ke fetongi ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻi heʻene hoko ko ha kōvana ʻo e vahefonuá.

Naʻe laka hake ʻi he kau sōtia ʻe toko 1,500 ne nau laka fakahihifo ko e kau tau tokolahi taha mo totongi mamafa taha ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi Tau ʻa e Kau Mekisikoú mo e Kau ʻAmeliká pea mo e Tau Fakamatakali ʻi ʻAmeliká.² Naʻe pehē ʻe Pukanani ko e taumuʻa ʻa e konga kaú ke fakafoki pea tauhi ʻa e “pule ʻa e Konisitūtoné mo e ngaahi laó ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá.”³ Naʻá ne tui kuo toʻo ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa e mafai pule ʻo e vahefonuá. Naʻe taumuʻa ʻa Kōvana Kamingi mo e kau taki fakaʻofisiale fakavahefonua kehé ke toe fakafoki e pule ʻo e vahefonua ʻIutaá, ko ha fakahinohino naʻe manavasiʻi e Kāingalotú te ne fakatupu ha fakatanga fakafonua.

Lolotonga ʻenau tailiili ʻi he ʻamanaki ke aʻu mai ʻa e kongakaú, naʻe ʻohofi ai ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he faka-Tonga ʻo ʻIutaá ʻi heʻenau ilifiá ha ngaahi saliote ʻo ha niʻihi ne hikifonua fakataumuʻa ki Kalefōnia, ʻo tāmateʻi ai ha kakai tangata, fefine mo e fānau ʻe toko 120 tupu ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa ko e Fakapō Tokolahi ʻi he Moʻunga Mētoú. Naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi mei he ʻohofi ko ʻení ʻa e taimi ne fuʻu fakalilifu ai ʻa e fetāʻakí makatuʻunga ʻi he ʻātakai naʻe fakautuutu ai ʻa e fekeʻikeʻi lolotonga ʻa e taú.⁴

ʻI he laka atu ʻa e kongakaú ki he Vahefonua ʻIutaá, naʻe fai mai ha tali ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻaki ha fanongonongo ʻo e lao fakakautaú, pea naʻe teuteu leva ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, ʻa e tangata mo e fefine, ki ha aʻu mai ʻa e kongakaú. Naʻe nofo fakakulupu e kakai tangata sōtia fakavahefonuá he hala lahi ki he vahefonua naʻe nofo ai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. ʻI ha taimi ʻe taha, naʻe ʻalu takai holo ai ʻa e kau fafiné ʻo tānaki ha vala māfana maʻá e kau tangata ne nau ʻi he ngaahi moʻungá. Naʻe tohi ʻe Makeleta Koloasoni naʻe “tangutu maʻu pē [ʻene faʻeé] ʻi ha ngaahi pō lahi ʻo niti ha ngaahi sitōkeni ke maluʻi ʻa e [kakai tangatá] mei he ʻalotāmaki ʻa e ʻeá. Naʻá ne foaki ange hono taimí mo e hā pē ha kiʻi meʻa ʻokú ne lava ʻo vahevahe ke nau ongoʻi fiemālie.”⁵

Naʻe aʻu atu e kau tau naʻe tataki ʻe Kēnolo ʻAlipate Sitenei Sionesoní ki he ngaahi ngatangataʻanga ʻo e Vahefonua ʻIutaá ʻi he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlau ʻo e taʻu 1857, ʻo nau vakai kuo tutu ʻe he kau sōtia Siasí e ngaahi feituʻu fakakautau ʻi Footi Pilitisá, tutu e mohukú, fakaʻauha e ngaahi saliote koloá pea tukuange mo e fanga monumanu ʻa e kau sōtiá. Naʻe vave pē ʻa hono fokotuʻu ʻe he kulupú ha ʻapitanga faʻahi taʻu momoko ofi mai, ʻa ia naʻe kamata ai ʻa e ngāue fakakōvana ʻa ʻAlifeleti Kamingí.

Naʻe loto-mamahi e Kāingalotu Siasi ʻi he koló ʻi he haʻu ʻa e kau taú. Naʻe ui ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ki he Kāingalotú ke nau “hiki fakatonga” mei he nofoʻanga lahi ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo ʻIutaá. Naʻe hoko ʻeni ko ha meʻa fakaloloma ki ha Kāingalotu tokolahi, ʻa ia ne fakamāʻopoʻopo ʻenau kiʻi koloá mo e meʻakaí ki ha ngaahi saliote. Ne kau ʻi he mavahe ko ʻení ʻa Sinfia Paʻake Sitoeli ʻa ia ne puke hono husepānití ʻe ha kau sōtia ʻi he faʻahi taʻu fakatōlau kimuʻá, pea ne toki ʻosi pē ia ha uike ʻe taha mei haʻane fāʻele, ʻo lue lalo ʻo laka hake ʻi he maile ʻe 50 “mo ha saliote ʻe taha mo e ongo pulu ʻe ua” pea mo e fānau ʻe toko 12.⁶

Naʻe fekauʻi atu ʻe Pukanani ha kau komisiona fakamelino ʻi Sune ʻo e taʻu 1858 mo Tōmasi L. Kane ke aleaʻi e nofo melinó mo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.⁷ Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau taú ha ʻapitanga ʻi he maile ʻe 40 (kilomita ʻe 65) ki he fakatongahihifo ʻo Sōleki Sití ʻi he faʻahitaʻu māfaná ʻi he ʻApitanga Foloití. Naʻe ʻomi ʻe he ʻi ai tonu ʻa e kau ngāue fakapuleʻanga foʻoú mo e kau nofo foʻou ʻe lauiafé ha liliu ki he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika fakalotofonuá pea aʻusia ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi ʻelemēniti fakasōsiale, fakafonua, mo fakapolitikale naʻe ʻikai te nau loto ki ai.

Naʻe iku ʻa e Tau ʻi ʻIutaá ki hono fokotuʻu ha tafaʻaki foʻou ki he kau tau fakafonuá naʻe ui ko e “Tafaʻaki ʻo ʻIutaá” pea nofo ʻa e kau tau talifaki tokolahi taha ʻa e Kau Tau ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi ʻIutā ʻo aʻu ki hono fakahoko ʻo e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻi ʻAmeliká. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu 1858 ki he taʻu 1861, naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kulupú ha ngāue lahi ki hono fokotuʻu ha ngaahi halanga foʻou ʻi he ʻOtu Moʻunga ki he Hihifó lolotonga hono tānaki ha ngaahi fakamatala fakasaienisi foʻou kau ki he vahefonuá. Naʻe kau foki ʻa e kau taú ʻi hono poupouʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakafepaki ki he kakai tuʻufonua ʻo ʻIutaá.⁸

Kuo ʻiloa ʻa e Tau ʻi ʻIutaá ʻaki ha ngaahi hingoa lahi. Naʻe ui ia ʻe ha niʻihi ko e “tau fakaʻapeé” koeʻuhí ko e ʻikai ke fanongonongo ʻe he Fale Aleá ko ha tau pea mo e siʻisiʻi ʻa e lilingi toto ʻa e kau taú. Naʻe manatuʻi ia ʻe ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí ko e “Kau Tau ʻa Sionisitoní.” Ko e hingoa fakaʻofisiale naʻe fakaʻaongaʻí ko e Kulupu ʻIutaá ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala fakapuleʻangá ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e kau tau ʻa e puleʻangá naʻe vahe ki ʻIutaá. Ka neongo ia, ko e fetāʻakí ko ha tau moʻoni pea naʻe ʻi ai e ngaahi mole fakaetangata, fakapolitikale, fakasōsiale mo fakaʻekonōmika.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Ngaahi ʻEsei Tefito ʻo e Ongoongoleleí, topics.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

“Albert Sidney Johnston’s Army (1857),” Fefonongaʻaki ʻa e Kau Paionia Māmonga, history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Brent M. Rogers, Unpopular Sovereignty: Mormons and the Federal Management of Early Utah Territory (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017).

Matthew J. Grow, “Liberty to the Downtrodden”: Thomas L. Kane, Romantic Reformer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 149–206.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻaki: Reformation of 1856–57, Mountain Meadows Massacre, Utah, Mexican-American War, American Civil War, Thomas L. and Elizabeth Kane

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Reformation of 1856–57.

2. Vakai Ngaahi Tefito: Mexican-American War, American Civil War; see also William B. MacKinnon, At Sword’s Point: A Documentary History of the Utah War, 2 vols. (Norman, Oklahoma: Arthur H. Clark, 2008).

3. James Buchanan, First Annual Message from the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the First Session of the Thirty-Fifth Congress (Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1857).

4. Vakai Tefito: Mountain Meadows Massacre.

5. Margaret G. Clawson, Vōliume 3, Margaret G. Clawson Reminiscences, 1904–1911, 43, Laipeli ʻo e Hisitōlia ʻa e Siasí, Sōleki Siti.

6. Biographical Sketch of Cynthia Jane Stowell, MS 4054, Laipeli Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí, Sōleki Siti.

7. Vakai Tefito: Thomas L. and Elizabeth Kane.

8. Vakai Tefito: American Indians.