Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Siasí

“ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Siasí,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí

“ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Siasí”

ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Siasí

Kuo hoko ʻa hono pulusi ʻo e ʻū nusipepá ko ha konga mahuʻinga ʻo e fetuʻutakí ʻi he Siasí talu mei he taimi ne fuofua kamata ai ʻa e Siasí. ʻI he taimi ne fokotuʻu ai ʻa e Siasí, naʻe kau ʻa e nusipepá ʻi he ngaahi founga mahuʻinga taha ki hono fakamafola ʻo e fakamatalá ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe faʻa tākiekina ʻe he kau ʻētitá ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ki he tui fakalotú mo e meʻa fakapolitikalé, pea ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala fakahisitōlia kimuʻa fekauʻaki mo e Siasi kuo fakafoki maí, ko e ngaahi ʻohofi naʻe paaki ʻi he ʻū nusipepa naʻe fakafili ki he Siasí. Naʻe vave hono ʻiloʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e mahuʻinga ko ia ke maʻu haʻanau mīsini paaki pē ʻanautolú. Naʻe hoko hono pulusi ʻo e ʻū nusipepá ke lava ai ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻo fakahaaʻi ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú, taʻofi e ngaahi ongoongo loí, fetuʻutaki ki he niʻihi ʻi he feituʻu mamaʻó, mo vahevahe ʻa e ongoongoleleí. Ko e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi fakahā mo e liliu fakalaumālie ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá naʻe fuofua pulusi ia ʻi he nusipepa ʻa e Siasí.

fuofua pulusinga ʻo e The Evening and the Morning Star

Ko e fuofua pulusinga ʻo e The Evening and the Morning Star, ko e fuofua nusipepa ʻa e Siasí.

Fuofua Nusipepa ʻa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní

ʻI ha konifelenisi ʻa e Siasí ʻi he 1831 ʻi Hailame, ʻOhaiō, naʻe fakamafaiʻi ai ʻa Uiliami W. Felipisi ke ne fakatau mai ha mīsini paaki ʻi Sinisinati lolotonga haʻane fononga ki Mīsuli.1 ʻI heʻene hoko ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Kautaha Faʻu Tohí, ko ha kōmiti ʻa e Siasí naʻe fatongia ʻaki hono tokangaʻi ʻo e ngaahi pulusinga ʻa e Siasí, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Felipisi ha ʻōfisi paaki ʻi Tauʻatāina, Mīsuli. Naʻá ne pulusi ai ʻa e fuofua nusipepa ʻa e Siasí, The Evening and the Morning Star, ʻo kamata ʻi Sune ʻo e 1832.2 Ka naʻe ʻikai tolonga ʻa e nusipepá, he naʻe fakaʻauha ʻe he kau fakatangá ʻa e mīsini paaki ʻa Felipisí ʻi Siulai ʻo e 1833.3 Hili hono fakatau mai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ha mīsini paaki foʻou, naʻa nau hiki ai ʻenau ngāue pākí ki Ketilani, ʻOhaiō ʻo kamata pulusi ai ʻa e Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. ʻI ʻOkatopa ʻo e 1837, naʻe fetongi ʻaki ʻa e pulusinga ko iá ʻa e Elders’ Journal of the Church of Latter Day Saints. Ko e meʻapangó, naʻe aʻu ki Sānuali ʻo e 1838, naʻe faʻao ʻe he pule polisí ʻa e ʻōfisi pākí mo toʻo ʻa e mīsini paaki ʻa e Siasí. Naʻe tutu fakaʻauha ʻa e ʻōfisí ʻi he ʻaho 16 ʻo Sānualí.4

ʻI he taimi naʻe tuli ai e Kāingalotú mei Mīsuli ʻi he 1838, naʻa nau fakaʻehiʻehi mei hano fakamoleki ʻo ha toe mīsini paaki mahuʻinga ʻe taha ʻaki haʻanau tanu ia ʻi he loto ʻataʻatā ʻo ha ʻapi ʻo e mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻi Hihifo Mamaʻo kimuʻa pea nau toki fetukutukú. Naʻe tanu ʻa e mīsini pākí ʻi he feituʻu ko iá ʻo aʻu ki hano toki fakafoki mai ia ʻi he faʻahitaʻu failau hono hokó. Naʻe uta mai leva ia ki Nāvū, ʻIlinoisi ke monomono mo fakaʻaongaʻi ke pulusi ʻaki ʻa e Times and Seasons, ko ha nusipepa naʻe lekooti ai ʻa e pisinisi ʻa e Siasí mo e ngaahi meʻa ne hoko fakaʻaho ʻi Nāvuú.5

ʻI Mē 1840, naʻe kamata pulusi ʻe he Kōlomu ʻo e Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá ʻa e Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star lolotonga ʻenau ngāue fakafaifekau ki ʻIngilaní. Naʻe fuofua pulusi ia ʻi Manisesitā pea toki hoko mai ki Livapulu, naʻe hoko ia ko e nusipepa ʻa e Siasí kuo pulusi fuoloa tahá pea naʻe mahuʻinga ia ki hono fakatupulaki mo tokoni ki he Siasí ʻi Pilitānia Lahí.6 Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau faifekau ʻa e Siasí mo ha ʻū nusipepa kehe ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi misiona ʻa e Siasí ʻi ʻIulope mo e fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe kau ʻi he ngaahi fuofua nusipepa ʻiloa ko ʻení ʻa e Skandinaviens Stjerne, ʻa ia naʻe fuofua pulusi ʻi he 1851 ʻi Koupeniheikeni. Naʻe malava ai ʻe he Kāingalotu Tenimaʻaké mo Suētení ke nau lau ʻa e ngaahi malanga ʻa e kau palōfitá, ngaahi tohi mei he niʻihi kuo nau hikifonua ke fakataha ki Saioné, pea toe faʻu ʻa e liliu ki he fakamatala mei he Millennial Star mo e Deseret News. Naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kau faifekau ʻi Uēlesi, Falanisē mo Siamané ʻa e fakamatala tatau ʻi he ngaahi lea fakafonua fakalotofonuá ʻi he ngaahi pulusinga ʻo e Prophwyd y Jubili (ʻa ia naʻe ui ko e Seren y Saints), l’Étoile du Déséret, mo e Zions Panier.7

ʻI he 1847 ʻi he Nofoʻanga Fakafaʻahitaʻu Momokó, ʻi Nepulasikā, naʻe toe fakangofua ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa Uiliami W. Felipisi ke ne fakatau mai ha mīsini paaki pea fakafononga ia ki ha Saione foʻou ke toki langa ʻi he Anovai Māsima Lahí. Naʻe paaki ʻa e fuofua pulusinga ʻo e Deseret News ʻi he mīsini ko ʻení ʻi Sōleki Siti ʻi Sune ʻo e 1850.8

ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Fineʻofá mo e Ngaahi Houalotú

Lolotonga hono lipooti ʻe he kau ʻētita ʻo e Deseret News ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lalahi ne hoko ʻi he Siasí mo ʻIutā mo e ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻo e Kāingalotú, naʻe faʻu ʻe ha niʻihi ʻo e kāingalotu ʻiloa ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi pulusinga naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ha ngaahi kaveinga pau ki he kau laukongá. ʻI he 1866, naʻe kamataʻi ai ʻe ʻEletā Siaosi Q. Kēnoni ʻa e Juvenile Instructor, ko ha nusipepa naʻe fakataumuʻa ke akoʻi ʻa e ongoongoleleí ki he fānaú mo e toʻu tupú. Naʻe kamataʻi ʻe Luʻisa Lula Kulini, ko e mokopuna taʻu 19 ʻa e tuofefine ʻo Pilikihami ʻIongí, ʻa e Woman’s Exponent i he 1872, pea naʻe fetongi ia ʻe ʻEmeline B. Uēlesi, ʻa ia naʻe hoko kimui ko e Palesiteni Lahi ʻo e Fineʻofá, ʻi hono fatongia ko e ʻētita ʻi he 1877. Naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he Woman’s Exponent ʻa e totonu ʻa e kakai fefiné mo malangaʻi ʻa e ongoongolelei kuo fakafoki maí, ko ha ongo kaveinga naʻe pehē ʻe Uēlesi naʻá na fehokotaki. Naʻe ʻikai ko ha ongo nusipepa ʻeni ʻa e Siasí, ka naʻe fakatou fetuku mo aleaʻi kinaua ʻe he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.9

fuofua pulusinga ʻo e Woman’s Exponent

Ko e fuofua pulusinga ʻo e Woman’s Exponent, ko ha nusipepa ʻi he kuonga muʻá naʻe pulusi ʻe he kakai fefine ʻo e Siasí.

Ne ʻikai fuoloa mei ai naʻe kamata leva ʻe he ngaahi poate lahi ʻo e ngaahi houalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻenau ngaahi pulusinga pē ʻanautolu. Naʻe kamata ʻa e Contributor ʻi he 1879 maʻá e kau talavoú, naʻe kamata ʻa e Young Woman’s Journal ʻi he 1889 maʻá e kau finemuí, pea naʻe kamata ʻa e Children’s Friend ʻi he 1902 maʻá e fānaú.10 Naʻe fetongi ʻa e Contributor ʻe he Improvement Era ʻi he 1897. ʻI he 1900, naʻe fakatau mai ʻe he poate lahi ʻo e Lautohi Faka-Sāpaté ʻa e Juvenile Instructor pea fakalahi ʻa e misiona ʻo e makasiní mei heʻene nofotaha ki hono akoʻi ʻo e fānaú mo e toʻu tupú ki hono fakakau e kakai lalahi kotoa pē ʻi he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí.11 Lolotonga e 1914, naʻe pulusi ʻe he poate lahi ʻo e Fineʻofá ha ongoongo fakamāhina, pea ʻi he Sānuali ʻo e 1915 naʻe kamataʻi ai ʻe he poaté haʻanau makasini pē ʻanautolu, ko e Relief Society Magazine, ʻa ia naʻá ne fetongi ʻa e Woman’s Exponent.12

Fakafekauʻaki ʻo e ʻŪ Nusipepa ʻa e Siasí

Naʻe fakatupulaki ʻe he ʻū makasini kehekehe ko ʻeni ʻo e Siasí ʻa e moʻui ʻa e kāingalotú ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi. Ka neongo iá, koeʻuhí ko e vave ʻa e tupu ʻa e Siasí mo e tokolahi fakaemāmani lahi ʻi he 1960 mo e 1970 tupú, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e fie maʻu ko ia ke fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e fetuʻutakí. Naʻa nau fakangata ai ʻa hono pulusi ʻo e ʻū makasini fakahoualotú mo fakamisioná kae feinga ke tufaki ha pōpoaki ʻoku fāitahá. Naʻe kamata hono pulusi ʻo e ngaahi fuofua pulusinga ʻo e Ensign maʻá e kakai lalahí, ko e New Era maʻá e toʻu tupú, mo e Friend maʻá e fānaú ʻi Sānuali ʻo e 1971.13

fuofua pulusinga ʻo e makasini Ensign

Ko e fuofua pulusinga ʻo e Ensign, naʻe pulusi ʻi Sānuali ʻo e 1971.

ʻI he 1971 naʻe kamata foki ʻe he Siasí ke fili, liliu lea, mo pulusi ʻa e fakamatala mei he ngaahi makasini fekauʻaki ʻe tolu maʻá e kāingalotu ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní ʻoku ʻikai ke nau lea faka-Pilitāniá. ʻI he aʻu ki he 1990, naʻe kau ʻi he ngāue ko ʻení ʻa e ʻū makasini kehekehe ʻe 20, naʻe ʻi ai honau kaveinga pau ʻi he lea fakafonua takitaha pea mo ha konga naʻe fakataumuʻa pē ki hono fakamatala ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakalotofonuá. ʻI he taʻu 2000, naʻe toe fakahingoa foʻou ʻa e ʻū nusipepa ko ʻení ko e Liahona.14

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Fuofua Kau Faifekaú

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

  1. William W. Phelps, “Rise and Progress of the Church of Christ,” April 1833, Historical Introduction, josephsmithpapers.org.

  2. William W. Phelps, “Rise and Progress of the Church of Christ,” April 1833, Historical Introduction; Joseph Smith, “Letter to William W. Phelps, 31 July 1832,” 1, note 2, josephsmithpapers.org.

  3. “Joseph Smith Documents from February 1833 through March 1844,” josephsmithpapers.org.

  4. “Prospectus for the Elders’ Journal, 30 April 1838,” Historical Introduction, in Mark Ashurst-McGee, David W. Grua, Elizabeth A. Kuehn, Brenden W. Rensink, and Alexander L. Baugh, eds., Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017), 129–30; “Essay on Sources Cited in Histories, Volume 1,” josephsmithpapers.org.

  5. “Prospectus for the Second Volume of the Times and Seasons,” Times and Seasons, vol. 1, no. 12 (Oct. 1840), 191–92; “Mormon Publications: 19th and 20th Centuries,” Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, lib.byu.edu. ʻI ha fakahā ʻi Sānuali ʻo e 1842, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ʻa e Kōlomu ʻo e Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá ko e kautaha ke nau ʻētita ki he Times and Seasons (vakai, Joseph Smith, Journal, Jan. 28, 1842, December 1841–December 1842, 67, josephsmithpapers.org). ʻI Nōvema 1842, naʻe fakafisi ai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mei ha toe fatongia fakaʻētita peá ne fili ʻa Sione Teila ko hano fetongi. Joseph Smith, “Valedictory,” Times and Seasons, vol. 4, no. 1 (Nov. 15, 1842), 8.

  6. Doyle L. Green, “The Church and Its Magazines,” Ensign, Jan. 1971, 14–15. Naʻe fuofua pulusi foki mo e ngaahi fuofua pulusinga ʻo e ngaahi tokoni mahuʻinga ki he tafaʻaki fakatohi ʻo e Siasí (kau ai ʻa e Journal of Discourses mo e Mataʻitofe Mahuʻingá) ʻi Livapulu, ʻIngilani ʻi he ʻuluʻi ʻofisi fakamisiona ʻa e Siasí. Ki ha toe fakamatala ki he Millennial Star Office, vakai ki he Richard E. Turley Jr. and William W. Slaughter, How We Got the Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2012), 71–79, 91–99; V. Ben Bloxham, James R. Moss, and Larry C. Porter, eds., Truth Will Prevail: The Rise of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the British Isles, 1837–1987 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1987), 160–62.

  7. Naʻe kau ʻi he ʻū nusipepa ne pulusi ʻe he kau faifekau ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e Prophet, New York Messenger, Seer, mo e Liahona; naʻe kau ʻi he ʻū nusipepa ne pulusi ʻe he kau faifekau ʻi ʻIulopé ʻa e Nordstjarnan (Sweden), Der Stern (Germany), mo e De Ster (Holland). Vakai, Sherry Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline: 1827–2007,” Jan. 1, 2006, scholarsarchive.byu.edu; Brian K. Kelly, “International Magazines,” in Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4 vols. (New York: MacMillan, 1992), 2:697; Richard D. McClellan, “Periodicals,” in Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon, and Richard O. Cowan, eds., Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2000), 907–8.

  8. Journal History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mar. 31, 1847, 1, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; William I. Appleby journal, July 27, 1847, in Wendell J. Ashton, Voice in the West: Biography of a Pioneer Newspaper (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1950), 3–4, 365–66; Will Bagley, “Birthday News: News Celebrates Sesquicentennial,” Salt Lake Tribune, June 15, 2000, A1.

  9. Green, “The Church and Its Magazines,” 15; Carol Cornwall Madsen, Emmeline B. Wells: An Intimate History (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2017), 133–35; Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), xix.

  10. Naʻe fakangata ʻa e Young Woman’s Journal ʻi he 1929 hili ia hano ngāue ʻaki ha taʻu ʻe 40; ʻi he taimi ko ʻení ne fakalahi ʻa e kau laukonga ʻo e Improvement Era ke fakakau ai ʻa e kau finemuí ko e fakalahi ki he kau talavoú ʻa ia ne fuofua fakataumuʻa ki ai ʻa e nusipepá. Petrea Kelly, “Young Woman’s Journal,” in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4:1615–16; Lisa Olsen Tait, “The Young Woman’s Journal: Gender and Generation in a Mormon Women’s Magazine,” American Periodicals: A Journal of History and Criticism, vol. 22, no. 1 (2012), 51–71.

  11. Hili hono tataki ʻe he poate lahi ʻo e Lautohi Faka-Sāpaté ʻa e Juvenile Instructor mo fakalahi hono kau laukongá kimui aí, naʻe liliu ʻa e hingoá ki he Instructor ʻi he 1930. Green, “The Church and Its Magazines,” 15.

  12. Naʻe fakangata ʻa hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e Woman’s Exponent ʻi he 1914, hili ia ha taʻu ʻe 42 ʻo ʻene fai fatongiá. Naʻe kole ʻe ʻEmeline B. Uēlesi ki he poate lahi ʻo e Fineʻofá ke nau fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e nusipepá ko ʻenau pulusinga, ka naʻe ʻikai ke nau tali ia. Vakai, Madsen, Emmeline B. Wells, 459–63.

  13. Green, “The Church and Its Magazines,” 15.

  14. ʻI he aʻu ki he 1967, naʻe pulusi ʻe he ngaahi ʻofisi fakamisiona ʻo e Siasí ʻa e ʻū makasiní ʻi he lea faka-Tenimaʻaké, Hōlaní, Finilaní, Falaniseé, Siamané, Noaué, Sipeiní mo e faka-Suētení. Naʻe fakasiʻisiʻi ʻe he Unified Magazine ʻa hono toutou fakahoko ʻe he ngaahi ʻofisi fakamisioná e ngāue tatau pea ʻomi e fakamatala ne fakangofua ʻe he Siasí ki he ngaahi makasini fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Vakai, Kelly, “International Magazines,” 697; McClellan, “Periodicals,” 908–9.