Mali Tokolahí ʻi he hili ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí

ʻI he konga lahi ʻo e senituli 19, naʻe fakahoko ʻe ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ʻo e Siasí ʻa e mali tokolahí ʻi he fakahinohino ʻa e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe kamataʻi ʻa e meʻá ni ʻo fakafou ʻi ha fakahā kia Siosefa Sāmita ʻo fakangatangata pē ki ha falukunga kakai ne nau feohi vāofi pea naʻe fakahoko tauʻatāina ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1852 ki he 1890.¹ Naʻe ongoʻi ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Uilifooti Utalafí ke tuku atu ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí, ko ha fakamatala ne talaki ai ʻa ʻene “loto ke talangofua ki he ngaahi lao ko ia” ke taʻofi ʻa e mali tokolahí pea fakapapau ai “ke ngāue ʻaki [hono] mafaí ki he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí … ke nau fai pehē foki.”² Hangē ko e kamataʻanga ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi he Siasí, naʻe māmālie mo fakakongokonga ʻa hono fakangata ʻo e mali tokolahí, ko ha ngāue ne matuʻaki faingataʻa mo taʻepau.

Naʻe talaki ʻe he Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí ʻa e taumuʻa ʻa Palesiteni Utalafi ke talangofua ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, pea ʻi he taimi pē naʻe hikinimaʻi ai ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí ʻi he konifelenisi lahí, naʻe fakangata leva ʻa e ngaahi mali tokolahi foʻou ʻi he feituʻu ko iá.³ Ka neongo iá, naʻe lahi e ngaahi founga ʻuhinga lelei ne pau ke fakaleleiʻi. Naʻe ʻikai fakahā ʻe he Fanongonongó e meʻa ʻoku totonu ke fai ʻe he ngaahi fāmili mali tokolahi lolotongá. ʻI heʻenau founga pē ʻanautolu, naʻe māvae pe vete-mali ha niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi hoa malí ko ha ola ʻo e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí; naʻe ʻikai toe nofo fakataha e ngaahi husepāniti kehé mo honau ngaahi uaifí kotoa kae nofo pē mo ha uaifi ʻe toko taha, ka ne nau hokohoko atu pē ke tokoniʻi fakapaʻanga mo fakaeloto ʻa e niʻihi kotoa pē ne fakafalala kiate kinautolú.⁴ ʻI he tui ko ia ha ngaahi husepāniti tokolahi, kau ai ha kau taki ʻo e Siasí, naʻe pau ke fakaʻapaʻapaʻi e ngaahi fuakava kuo nau fai mo e ʻOtuá mo honau ngaahi malí ʻi ha toe meʻa kehé, ne nau hokohoko atu pē ke nofo fakataha mo honau ngaahi uaifi tokolahí pea maʻu foki mo ha fānau mo kinautolu, ʻo aʻu ki he senituli 20.⁵

Ko ha tokosiʻi pē naʻe kei hokohoko atu ke fakahoko e mali tokolahí ʻi Mekisikou mo Kānata ʻi hano fakangofua ʻe ha niʻihi ʻo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí. Ko e tuʻutuʻuní, naʻe ʻikai poupouʻi e ngaahi nofomali ko ʻení ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí pea naʻe faingataʻa ke maʻu ha ngofua. Ne pau ke loto-fiemālie ha toko taha pe ongo hoa mali fakatouʻosi ne kau atu ki he ngaahi ʻiunioni ko ʻení ke nofo pē ʻi Kānata pe Mekisikou. ʻI ha tuʻunga makehe, naʻe siʻisiʻi ange hono fakahoko ha ngaahi mali tokolahi ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e taʻu 1890 ki he 1904. ʻOku ʻikai ʻiloʻi e tokolahi pau ʻo e ngaahi mali tokolahi foʻou naʻe fakahoko he lolotonga e ngaahi taʻu ko ʻení, ʻi loto pea ʻi tuʻa mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití.⁶ Ne ʻikai faʻa fakaʻilongaʻi ʻi he ʻū lekooti faisila ʻo e kuonga ko iá pe naʻe fakahoko ʻa e silá ko ha mali ki ha tokotaha pē pe ko ha niʻihi tokolahi, ʻo faingataʻa ai hano fikaʻi.⁷

Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo hoko ʻa e fatongia ʻo e Siasí ʻi he ngaahi nofomali ko ʻení ko ha kaveinga ʻo ha fakakikihi lahi ʻi he kakaí hili ia hano fili ʻo e ʻAposetolo ko Liiti Simutí ki he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1903.⁸ ʻI he konifelenisi lahi ʻo ʻEpeleli 1904, naʻe fai ai ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Siosefa F. Sāmitá ha fakamatala mālohi, naʻe ʻiloa ko e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi Hono Uá, ʻo tauteaʻi ai e ngaahi mali tokolahi foʻoú ʻaki hano tuʻusi mei he Siasí.⁹ Talu mei he taimi ʻo Siosefa F. Sāmitá, kuo toutou fakamamafaʻi mai ʻe he kau Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ʻoku ʻikai toe fakamafaiʻi e Siasí mo hono kau mēmipá ke nau kau ʻi he mali tokolahí pea fakamamafaʻi mai ʻa hono moʻoni ʻo ʻenau ngaahi leá ʻaki ʻenau tapou ki he kau taki fakalotofonuá ke ʻomi e kāingalotu ʻoku ʻikai tauhi ki aí, ki he ngaahi fakataha alēlea ʻa e Siasí ki he tuʻunga mēmipasipí.

ʻOku toe fakamatala ʻe he Kau Māʻoniʻoní ha ngaahi talanoa mahuʻinga felāveʻi mo hono fakangata ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, ʻo kau ai e “Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi Hono Uá”. Ki ha fakamatala lahi ange, vakai ki he “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage.” (Ko e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí mo e Fakangata ʻo e Mali Tokolahí)

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Plural Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics Essays, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

“The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Marcus B. Nash, “Ko e Fuakava Foʻou mo Taʻengatá,” Liahona, Tīsema 2015, 40–47.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

Kathleen Flake, The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

Barbara Jones Brown, “Manifestos, Mixed Messages, and Mexico: The Demise of ‘Mainstream’ Mormon Polygamy,” in Newell G. Bringhurst and Craig L. Foster, eds., The Persistence of Polygamy: Fundamentalist Mormon Polygamy from 1890 to the Present (Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books, 2015), 3:23–57.

Lu Ann Faylor Snyder and Phillip A. Snyder, eds., Post-Manifesto Polygamy: The 1899–1904 Correspondence of Helen, Owen, and Avery Woodruff (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2009).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Mali Tokolahí ʻi ʻIutā, Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí, Lao Fakafepaki ki he Mali Tokolahí, Reed Smoot Hearings (Ngaahi Hopo ʻa Liiti Simutí), Siosefa Sāmita mo e Mali Tokolahí, Uilifooti Utalafi, Siosefa F. Sāmita, Ngaahi Kolonia ʻi Mekisikoú

1. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Siosefa Sāmita mo e Mali Tokolahí, Mali Tokolahí ʻi ʻIutā.

2. Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi 1; “Official Declaration,” Deseret Evening News, Sept. 25, 1890, 2. Vakai foki ki he Tefito: Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí.

3. Lorenzo Snow, ʻi he Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi 1; “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

4. “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics, ChurchofJesusChrist.org; vakai foki ki he Jessie L. Embry, Mormon Polygamous Families: Life in the Principle (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 13–14; Francis M. Lyman journal, Dec. 15, 1893, Church History Library; Utah Stake High Council Minutes, Aug. 5, 1892, Church History Library.

5. Kenneth L. Cannon II, “Beyond the Manifesto: Polygamous Cohabitation among LDS General Authorities after 1890,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 1 (Winter 1978), 24–36.

6. Ne ʻikai faʻa fakaʻilongaʻi ʻi he ʻū lekooti faisila ʻo e kuonga ko iá pe naʻe fakahoko ʻa e silá ko ha mali ki ha tokotaha pē pe ko ha niʻihi tokolahi, pea ko e ngaahi lekooti ko ia ne ʻasi ai ko e mali tokolahí, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe hono tokolahí naʻe hōloa e mali tokolahí ʻi he hili ʻa e 1890; vakai, “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

7. Vakai, “The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage,” Gospel Topics, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

8. Vakai ki he Tefito: Reed Smoot Hearings (Liti Sīmote Healingi); vakai foki ki he Kathleen Flake, The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

9. “Official Statement by President Joseph F. Smith,” Deseret Evening News, Apr. 6, 1904, 1.