Ngaahi Polokalama Uelofeá

Hili pē ʻa e aʻu ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki Ketilani, ʻOhaiō ʻi he 1831, naʻá ne maʻu ha fakahā ʻoku ui ai ki he Siasí ke “manatuʻi ʻa e masivá, pea fakatapui mei hoʻomou ngaahi koloá ko honau tauhi, ʻa ia te mou foaki kiate kinautolu, ʻaki ha fuakava pea mo ha tohi aleapau ʻa ia ʻe ʻikai lava ʻo maumauʻi.”¹ Naʻe hoko atu e ʻEikí mo ha ngaahi fakahinohino ki he pīsope ʻo e Siasí mo hono ongo tokoní ke tānaki e ngaahi foaki hulú ki ha “fale tukuʻanga koloa, ke foaki ki he masivá mo e faingataʻaʻiá.”² ʻI he tānaki fakataha e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki ʻOhaiō, Mīsuli, mo ʻIlinoi ʻi he taʻu ʻe hongofulu hono hokó, naʻe kei hoko pē hono tokoniʻi e masivá mo e faingataʻaʻiá ko ha tafaʻaki mahuʻinga ʻo hono langa ʻo Saioné.³ Naʻe hokohoko tokangaekina e masivá ko ha kaveinga mahuʻinga ʻo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá, pea kuo hokohoko atu e ngaahi toʻu tangata hokohoko mai ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ke tokanga taha ki he fatongia faka-Kalisitiane ko ʻení.⁴

Naʻe tali ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu uelofeá ʻi he ngaahi founga kehekehe lolotonga e senituli 19. Hangē ko e ʻuhinga ʻo hono hingoá, naʻe maʻu ʻe he Kau Fineʻofa ʻo Nāvuú ha tefitoʻi taumuʻa “ke fakafiemālieʻi ʻa e masivá,” pea naʻe tānaki ʻe he houʻeiki fafiné ha ngaahi foaki maʻá e faingataʻaʻiá mo tokangaʻi foki e siʻi kakai masiva hiki fonua ne aʻu atu ki he koló ʻi he 1840 tupú.⁵ ʻI he 1870 tupú, naʻe tokoni e kau mēmipa ʻo e Fineʻofá ki he kau pīsope ʻi ʻAmelika Tokelau Hihifó ʻaki hono ʻiloʻi e ngaahi fiemaʻu uelofeá, fakamālohia e tokoní, tauhi e kēlení, mo fakahoko e tokoni fakafaitoʻó.⁶ ʻI he taʻu ʻe 40, naʻe fakalele ʻe he Siasí ʻa e Paʻanga Tokoni Hikifonuá ke ʻoange ki he kau ului ne hikifonuá ha nō ki he folaú ke “ʻave ʻa e masivá” ki he Teleʻa Sōlekí.⁷ ʻI he hetikuota ʻo e Siasí ʻi Sōleki Sití, naʻe tānaki ʻi ha feituʻu vahehongofulu ʻa e ngaahi koloa ne foaki ki he kau pīsopé ke tufá, pea ʻi he fanga kiʻi nofoʻanga ʻi he feituʻu kaungāʻapí, naʻe tānaki ʻe he fale tukuʻanga koloa fakalotofonua ʻa e pīsopé ʻa e ngaahi tokoni ʻa e koló. Naʻe kau maʻu pē ʻa e ngaahi uōtí mo e siteikí ʻi he “ngaahi ʻaho ʻaukaí” ʻo ʻikai maʻu meʻatokoni kae foaki e meʻakaí ki he ngaahi feituʻu vahehongofulu mo e fale tukuʻanga koloá.⁸ ʻI he fakalahi ʻa e ʻekonōmika fakalotofonuá ki he ngaahi kautaha foʻou ʻi he konga kimui ʻo e 1800 tupú, naʻe lahi e ngaahi ngāue totongí pea lahi mo e koloa ne hū mai mei he fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻo ʻi ai ha feʻauhi foʻou ʻi he māketí, ʻa ia ne ngalingali ʻe hiki ai e fakamole ki he kau faama mo e kau ngāue masiva angé. Naʻe tokoniʻi ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻá ʻa e ngaahi pisinisi ʻa e kau fefakatauʻaki koloa Siasí pehē ki he ngaahi Kautaha Uouangataha fakalotofonuá ke maluʻi e pisinisi fakalotofonuá mo e kakai masiva angé mei he ngaahi founga fakapisinisi fakaehauá.⁹ Naʻe tokoni fakataha e ngaahi founga uelofea lahi ʻa e Siasí ʻi he 1800 tupú ke fakalakalaka e ngaahi tūkungá ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ki he Kāingalotú ka ki he niʻihi kehe foki ʻi honau koló. ʻI hono fakaʻavalisí, naʻe maʻu ʻe he masivá ha tuʻunga moʻui māʻolunga ange ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu Siasí ʻo laka ʻi ha toe feituʻu ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití.¹⁰

ʻI he aʻu ki he senituli 20, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he ngaahi sosaieti tokoni ʻofa ʻi ʻIulope mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha ngaahi ngāue fakauelofea tuʻupau mo maau ange, pea faʻu ʻe he ngaahi kautaha fakapuleʻangá ha ngaahi polokalama ki hono fakahoko e tokoni fakauelofeá. Ko ʻEimi Palauni Laimaní, ko ha taki fakapuleʻanga Siasi pea hoko kimui ange ko e Palesiteni Lahi ʻo e Fineʻofá, naʻá ne ako ʻunivēsiti ʻi he ngāue mo e kakaí peá ne fokotuʻu ha ngaahi founga uelofea foʻou ʻi he Vaʻa Tokoni ki he Kakai foʻou ʻa e Fineʻofá. Hangē ko e kau langa fakalakalaka kehe ʻo e Progressive Era ʻa ia naʻa nau loto-falala ʻe ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi kautahá ʻa e founga fakaleleiʻi ki he uelofeá, naʻe feinga ʻa Laimani mo hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻa ʻi he Fineʻofá ke tokoniʻi e faingataʻaʻiá ʻaki hono fokotuʻu ha ngaahi kautaha tokoni ʻofa kehe mo fakahoko ha ako tokoni ki he kakaí.¹¹

ʻI he kamata ʻa e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká ʻi he 1929 mo e 1930, naʻe ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi polokalama ʻa e Fineʻofá mo e fale tukuʻanga koloa ʻa e pīsopé ha tokoni fakahangatonu ki he ngaahi fāmili ne uesia ʻi he fakautuutu ʻa e taʻengāué. ʻI he taʻu hono fā ʻo e Tō Lalo Fakaʻekonōmiká, naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he Kau Paleistenisī ʻUluakí ʻa Hāloti B. Lī, ko e palesiteni ʻo e Siteiki Paioniá mo e komisiona fakakolo ʻi Sōleki Sití, pea mo ha kau taki kehe ke faʻu ha palani ki he Siasí kotoa naʻe tanumaki ai e tauʻatāina fakapaʻangá lolotonga hono fakahoko e tokoní.¹² ʻI hono fanongonongo ʻi he 1936, naʻe ui ai ʻe he Polokalama Malu ʻa e Siasí ki he kau palesitenisī fakasiteikí ke fokotuʻu ha ngaahi fakataha alēlea fakalotofonua pea fengāueʻaki ki he teuteu ki he ngaahi meʻa fakatuʻupakē fakalotofonuá, ʻo poupouʻi e foaki ʻaukaí, tokoniʻi e kau taʻengāué ke maʻu ha ngāue, mo fakahoko ha ngaahi ngāue lahi.¹³

Ko hono kamata ʻo e tafaʻaki ki muʻa ʻo ha falekoloa Kautaha Teseleti ʻi he 1938.

ʻI he 1938, naʻe taki ʻe he Kōmiti Uelofea Fakalūkufuá, ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Polokalama Malu ʻa e Siasí, ʻa e ngaahi feinga ke fakahaofi mo holoki ha ngaahi fale ne uesia ʻi Sōleki Siti ke langa ʻa e Uelofea Sikueá—ko ha ʻapitanga tefito ki he ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloá, kau ai ha fale ngaohiʻanga uaine, ko ha fale koloa kapa, ko ha fale ngaohiʻanga vala, fale huʻakau, sifi ki he kēlení, falelotu, mo e ngaahi ʻōfisi ngāue. ʻI he fakataha ʻa e kau pīsopé mo e niʻihi fakafoʻituitui mo e ngaahi fāmili masivesiva ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo ʻIutaá, naʻa nau ʻoange kiate kinautolu ha ngaahi ʻota ki he falekoloá te nau lava ʻo fakafonu taʻetotongi ʻi he Uelofea Sikueá. ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e 1950, naʻe uiuiʻi ha pīsope ke pule ʻi he Uelofea Sikueá mo fakahoko ha ngaahi ʻota ke ʻave hangatonu maʻanautolu ʻoku faingataʻaʻiá kaeʻumaʻā ha tokoni fakangāue. Naʻe tufaki e koloa hulú ki he ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloa ʻa e pīsopé ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní.¹⁴

Faitaaʻi mei he ʻataá ʻo e Uelofea Sikueá ʻi he 1957.

Hili e Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani hono II, naʻe fakahoko ʻe he Siasí ha ngāue lahi ke tānaki e meʻakai mo e vala maʻá e ngaahi feituʻu ʻo ʻIulope ne uesia ʻi he taú, pea naʻe maʻu ʻe Siaosi ʻAlipate Sāmita ko e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, ha ngofua mei he puleʻanga ʻAmeliká ke fakafolau e ngaahi tokoní ki he ngaahi fonua ʻIulope lahi. ʻI he vakai ʻa Palesiteni Sāmita ki hono teuteuʻi ʻe he kau ngāue ʻi he Uelofea Sikueá ʻa e uta ke fakafolaú, naʻá ne loʻimataʻia ʻi he lahi ʻo e ngaahi tokoní. Naʻá ne vete hono kote ki he faʻahitaʻu momokó ʻo faʻo ia ki he utá. Naʻe fekauʻi ʻe Palesiteni Sāmita ʻa ʻEletā ʻEselā Tafu Penisoni, ko ha pule ngoue taukei kimuʻa pea uiuiʻi ki he Kōlomu ʻo e Kau ʻAposetolo ʻe Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá, ke ne tokangaʻi e ngāue tokoni faingataʻa ʻi ʻIulopé. ʻI he māhina ʻe 10, naʻe fononga ʻa ʻEletā Penisoni he maile ʻe 61,000 tupu (fakafuofua ki he kilomita ʻe 98,000) ʻi heʻene fononga faingataʻa ki he ngaahi fonua ʻIulopé, ʻa ia naʻá ne ʻilo ai ha tō nounou lahi fakameʻatokoni mo e tukuhāusia ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pē naʻá ne ʻalu ki aí. ʻI heʻene foki ki ʻapi ʻo fakapapau ke fakalahi e polokalama uelofea ʻa e Siasí mo e tuʻunga mateuteu mo e maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻa e Kāingalotú, naʻá ne pehē, “He ʻikai lava ʻo mahino ʻa e maumaú ki ha taha ʻoku teʻeki sio tonu ai.” Naʻe ʻave ʻe he Siasí ha pauni ʻe ono miliona (fakafuofua ki he kilokalami ʻe tolu miliona) meʻakai mo e vala ki ʻIulope ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ʻOkatopa 1945 mo Tīsema 1949.¹⁵

ʻI hono toe ʻo e senituli 20 pea aʻu ki he senituli 21, naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e Siasí ke fakatupulaki ha ngaahi polokalama uelofea lahi ange mo fakalahi e tokoni ʻofa fakaetangatá mo e ngaahi tokoni kehe ki he kakaí. ʻI hono fakalahi e falekoloa Kautaha Teseletí mei hono fuofua falekoloa ʻi he 1938 ki he falekoloa ʻe 50 nai ʻi he 2022, naʻe fakatau ʻe he falekoloa ʻikai fakatupu paʻangá ha ngaahi koloa ne tānaki mai mo fakahoko ha tokoni fakangāue, ako ki he ngāue maʻuʻanga moʻuí, kumi ngāue, ako fakatekinikale, mo e tokoni ʻofa fakaetangatá. ʻI he polokalama uelofea ʻa e Siasí, naʻe kamata fakatau ʻe he ngaahi kōmiti uelofea fakasiteikí ʻa e kelekele ʻi he 1940 tupú ke ʻi ai ha ngāue mo tō ha ngoue maʻá e ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloa ʻa e pīsopé mo e ngaahi fale ngaohiʻanga koloa kapá. Naʻe fakatau ha ngaahi faama lahi ʻi he ngaahi taʻu kimui aí koeʻuhí naʻe laka ia ʻi he ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e fale tukuʻanga koloá mo e ngaahi koloa kapá, kae hiki leva e toenga ʻo e ngaahi fāmá ke fakalahi e ngāue taʻetotongí.¹⁶ Kamata ʻi he 1971, naʻe uiuiʻi ha kau palofesinale he moʻui leleí ke ngāue fakafaifekau ʻo tokoni ʻi he ngaahi falemahakí, kilīnikí, mo e ngaahi kautaha moʻui lelei kehe ʻoku kei langalanga haké. Ne ʻikai fuoloa kuo fakalahi ʻa e polokalama fakafaifekau he Ngāue Fakauelofeá ke fakakau e kau faifekaú ʻi he ngaahi tafaʻaki lahi, ʻo tokoni ʻi he moʻui leleí, ngoué, akó, fokotuʻu pisinisí, hikifonuá mo e kumi hūfangá, mo e tokoni fakahangatonu ʻi he fakatamakí.

ʻI he 1985, ʻi he tali ki ha honge fakamamahi ʻi ʻItiopea, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Siasí ʻa e Paʻanga Tokoni ʻOfa Fakaetangatá ke tānaki ha paʻanga pea fokotuʻutuʻu mo tufa e tokoní ʻe he Latter-day Saint Charities. Ko e ola ʻo e ongo ʻaukai fakamāmani lahí, naʻe foaki ʻe he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha paʻanga ʻAmelika ʻe $11 miliona tupu ki he Paʻanga Tokoni ʻOfa Fakaetangatá. Naʻe kamata fengāueʻaki ʻa e Latter-day Saint Charities mo e ngaahi kautaha tokoni ʻofa fakaetangata kehe ʻi he ngaahi polokalama lahi ke tokoni ʻi he nounou fakameʻatokoní, fakaleleiʻi e maʻuʻanga vai maʻá mo e meʻangāue maʻá, taʻofi e mahakí fakafou ʻi he huhu maluʻí, tali ki he ngaahi meʻa fakatuʻupakeé, tokoniʻi e kau kumi hūfangá, mo fakahoko e ngaahi tokoni salioté mo e matasioʻatá. ʻI he 2020, naʻe fakapaʻanga ʻe he Latter-day Saint Charities mo hono ngaahi kupu fengāueʻakí ha ngaahi ngāue ʻe 3,600 tupu ʻi he ngaahi fonua mo e vahefonua ʻe 160.¹⁷ ʻOku kau foki ʻi he ngaahi tokoni fakauelofea ʻa e Siasí ʻa e Ngaahi Tokoni ki he Fāmilí, ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoko ai e faleʻi mo e tokoni fakaakeake mei he maʻunimaá, mo e Ngaahi Ngāue Moʻui Fakafalala pē Kiate Kitá, ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoko ai e tokoni fakangāue, fakaako, mo fakapaʻangá.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“The Church Welfare Plan: A Mission of Self-Reliance and Service,” https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/welfare/the-church-welfare-plan.

“Welfare and Self Reliance,” Newsroom, https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/welfare-and-self-reliance.

Latter-day Saint Charities, https://www.latterdaysaintcharities.org.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Rudd, Glen L. Pure Religion: The Story of Church Welfare since 1930 (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1995).

Garth Mangum mo Bruce Blumell, The Mormons’ War on Poverty: A History of LDS Welfare, 1830–1990 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993).

Joseph F. Darowski, “‘The Lord’s Way’: The Genesis of the Church Security Plan, 1920–36,” in Matthew C. Godfrey and Michael Hubbard MacKay, eds., Business and Religion: The Intersection of Faith and Finance (Provo: Religious Studies Center, 2018), 339–53.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Fakatapuí mo e Lakanga Tauhí, Fasting, Fineʻofá, Great Depression, Amy Brown Lyman, Kautaha Uouangatahá, Hikifonua Maí

1. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 42:30.

2. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 42:31–34. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Fakatapuí mo e Lakanga Tauhí, Pīsopé.

3. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Ko e Tānaki ʻo ʻIsilelí, Saione/Selusalema Foʻoú.

4. Vakai ki ha sīpinga ʻi he, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 52:40; 56:16; 58:8–11; 83:6; 84:112.

5. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Kautaha Fineʻofa ʻo e Kakai Fefine ʻo Nāvuú.

6. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Fineʻofá.

7. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Hikifonua Maí.

8. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefitó: Vahehongofulú, Fasting.

9. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefitó: Fengāueʻaki, Kautaha Uouangatahá.

10. J. R. Kearl, Clayne L. Pope, mo Larry T. Wimmer, “Household Wealth in a Settlement Economy: Utah, 1850–1870,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 40, no. 3 (Sep. 1980), 477–96.

11. Vakai ki he Tefitó: Amy Brown Lyman.

12. Naʻe kamataʻi ʻe Hāloti B. Lī ʻi heʻene hoko ko e Palesiteni Fakasiteikí ʻa e ngaahi polokalama fakalotofonua lolotonga e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká ke fakalahi e koloa ʻi he fale tukuʻanga koloá mo fakaʻatā ha ngaahi faingamālie ngāue. Naʻe tohoakiʻi e tokanga ʻa e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻi he ola lelei ʻa e ngaahi polokalamá ni, ʻa ia naʻa nau fakaafeʻi ai ʻa Lī ki he ngaahi fakataha mo e Fineʻofá ke fakatupulaki e polokalamá. Vakai ki he Tefito: Great Depression.

13. Harold B. Lee, “Church Security: Retrospect, Introspect, Prospect,” Improvement Era, vol. 40, no. 4 (Apr. 1937), 204–10. Vakai foki ki he Tefitó: Great Depression.

14. Glen L. Rudd, Pure Religion: The Story of Church Welfare since 1930 (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1995), 65–77, 88–89, 117.

15. Rudd, Pure Religion, 245–54; Gary James Bergera, “Ezra Taft Benson’s 1946 Mission to Europe,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 34, no. 2 (Spring 2008), 73–112.

16. T. Glenn Haws, “Welfare Farms,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 1553–54.

17. Isaac C. Ferguson, “Humanitarian Service,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 661–63; “The Origins of Latter-day Saint Charities,” Latter-day Saint Charities, Feb. 20, 2018, https://www.latterdaysaintcharities.org/blog/the-origins-of-lds-charities; Latter-day Saint Charities, Annual Report (2020), https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/english/charities/pdf/2020/PD60011995-LDSC-Annual-Report-2020-desktop-eng.pdf.