Mahaki Fakaʻauha ko e Flu ʻi he 1918

‘I he vahaʻa ‘o e 1918 mo e 1920, naʻe fokoutua ai ha kakai ʻe toko 500 miliona nai (pe fakafuofua ki he vahe tolu ‘e taha ʻo e kakai ‘o e māmaní) ʻi he flu.¹ Koeʻuhi ko e teʻeki ai ke fakapapauʻi ko e mahakí ko e vailasi, ʻikai ha huhu maluʻi ke hao mei he vailasí, ʻikai ha ngaahi foʻiʻakau tāmate siemu ke faitoʻo ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi pihia ʻoku felāveʻi mo ha siemú, mo hono ngāue ʻaki fetōʻaki ʻo e ngaahi kolonitiní mo e faitoʻo tāmate siemú, ko e tokolahi ʻo e ngaahi mate fakaemāmani lahí naʻe ngalingali ke laka hake ʻi he toko 50 milioná. ʻI he fakakātoa ʻo e ngaahi maté, naʻe fakafofongaʻi ‘e he meʻá ni ʻa e mahaki fakaʻauha kovi taha ʻi he hisitōlia ‘o e māmaní.² Hangē ko honau kaungātangataʻifonuá, naʻe aʻusia ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e moveuveú, feilaulaú, mo e meʻa fakamamahí ʻi heʻenau faifeinga ke matatali ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa fakamamahi ʻo e mahaki fakaʻauha fakaemāmani lahí.

ʻI he kuonga ʻo e Tau Lahi I, naʻe hoko ʻa e ngaahi lao sivi ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi ke fakasiʻia ai ʻe he tokolahi ʻo e kau ʻōfisa ki he moʻui lelei ʻa e kakaí mo e ngaahi ongoongo ʻi he mītiá pea mo faʻa fakapuliki ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻhi ʻa e lahi ʻo e palopalemá. ‘I Sipeiní, ʻa ia na‘e kei tuʻu ʻatā ʻo ʻikai ke kau ʻi he taú, na‘e lipooti ʻe he ngaahi kautaha ongoongo ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke siviʻí ʻa e mafola vave ‘a e mahakí ʻi he funga ‘o e fonuá, ʻo taki ai ʻa e tokolahi ke pehē naʻe tupu ʻa e vailasí ʻi aí. Naʻe lahi taha ʻa hono ui ʻe he ngaahi lipōtí ʻa e mahaki fakaʻauhá ko e “Flu Sipeiní,” ko ha hingoa hala ʻa ia naʻe ngāue ʻaki ʻo aʻu pē ki he senituli 21.³ Naʻe fakalahi ange ʻe he taú e mafola ʻo e mahakí, ʻa ia naʻe fakautuutu ʻi he konga kehekehe ʻe tolu, ʻa ia naʻe toe fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻi ai ʻa e ʻilo ki he tupuʻanga ʻo e mahaki fakaʻauhá.⁴ ʻOku teʻeki ai ha felotoi fakaemāmani lahi ʻa e kau fekumí ki he feituʻu naʻe fuofua mafola mei ai ʻa e vailasí, ka ko e ngaahi fuofua mafola ʻa e mahakí kuo tohí naʻe hoko ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. ‘I Māʻasi ‘o e 1918 naʻe laka hake ʻi he kau sōtia ʻe toko teau naʻe puke ʻi he Kemi Fanisitoni ‘i Footi Lailí, Kenisesi, pea ʻi loto ‘i ha uike ʻe tahá naʻe tupu ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e niʻihi ne puké ʻo liunga nima. Ko e kau sōtia naʻe fokoutua ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke ʻasi ʻiate kinautolu ha ngaahi fakaʻilongá ne nau ʻave ʻa e vailasí ki ʻIulope lolotonga ʻa hono vahevahe kinautolu ʻi he Tau Lahi I.⁵

Na‘e fakatokangaʻi ʻa e fuofua mafola ʻa e flu ʻi ʻOkatopa 1918 ʻo ofi ki he ʻuluʻi ʻōfisi ʻo e Siasí ʻi ʻIutaá. ʻI loto ‘i ha uike ʻe tolú, naʻe aʻu ʻa e tokolahi ʻo kinautolu naʻe fokoutua ʻi ʻIutaá ki he toko 2,300 mo e ngaahi mate ʻe toko 117.⁶ Naʻe fengāueʻaki ʻa e Fineʻofá mo e ngaahi falemahakí pea fakakau mai mo e kakai fefine ke tokoni ʻi he ngaahi ʻapi naʻe uesiá ko ha kau neesi, tauhi fale, kuki, kau fefine fō, mo e kau tokoni kehe. ‘I he ngaahi ako fakavahe ʻe niʻihi, naʻe aʻu ʻo peseti ‘e 90 ʻa e fānau naʻa nau fokoutua ʻi he flu. Naʻe mālōlō ʻa e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, Siosefa F. Sāmita ʻi he niumōniá ‘i Nōvema 1918, pea koe‘uhi ko e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakakolonitiní, naʻe ‘ikai fakahoko fakapuleʻanga ‘a hono meʻa faka‘eikí.⁷ Naʻe faipau ʻa e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ki he ngaahi tu‘utuʻuni fakapuleʻanga ki he moʻui leleí pea naʻe tāpuni ʻa e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi temipalé, ngaahi falelotú, mo e Tāpanekale Sōlekí, pea naʻa nau fale‘i ʻa e kau taki fakakoló ke kaniseli ‘a e ngaahi ʻekitivitī ‘a e Siasí mo e ngaahi ngāué.⁸ Ne nau toloi ʻa e konifelenisi lahi ‘o ʻEpeleli 1919 koeʻuhi ke lava ʻa e Kāingalotú ke tauhi ʻa honau vāmamaʻo mei he niʻihi kehé mo taʻofi ʻa e toe mafola ‘o e mahakí. ‘I he taimi naʻe fakahoko ai ‘a e konifelenisí ʻi he Sune ʻo e taʻu hono hokó, naʻe lipooti ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Hipa J. Kalāneti kuo mālōlō ha Kāingalotu ʻe toko 1,054 fakaemāmani lahi mei he flu.⁹

Naʻe faka‘auha ʻe he mahaki fakaʻauhá ʻa e ngaahi kolo lahi ʻo e Kāingalotú ʻi he funga ‘o e māmaní. ʻI he kolo ‘o Sauniatu, Haʻamoá, ko Tomu Fanene pē ʻa ia ne taʻu 12 mo ha tangataʻeiki toulekeleka naʻá na hao ʻi he puké ʻi he tō ʻa e flu ʻi Nōvema ʻo e 1918. ʻI he tokoto puke hona kaungā kolo ʻe toko 400, naʻe tāmateʻi ʻe Tomu ʻa e fanga moa kotoa ʻo e koló ke ngaohi ha supo, kaka he ʻulu niú ke tānaki ha ʻū niu, pea ʻave ha meʻakai mo ha vai melie mei he fale ki he fale. Ko ia mo e tangataʻeiki toulekeleká naʻá na takai ʻa e maté ʻi he ngaahi fala pea tanu kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi kelekele makamaka ʻi mui ʻi honau ngaahi ʻapí.¹⁰

‘I Nuʻu Silá, na‘e vakai ʻa e palesiteni fakamisioná ko Sēmisi Lamipeti ki hono tāpuni ʻo e ngahi feituʻu fakapuleʻanga ʻi ʻAokalaní pea lōmekina mo e ngaahi feituʻu fakafaitoʻó.¹¹ ‘I Tīsema ʻo e 1918 ʻi he kamata ke mahuʻi atu ʻa e mahaki faka‘auhá, ko e vaka uta pāsese ko Makura naʻá ne uta ʻa e kakai laka hake ʻi he toko 200 tupu, ʻo kau ai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻe toko 12, ki he Taulanga ʻAokalaní. Lolotonga ʻa e folau ‘i he Pasifikí, naʻe ‘iloʻi ai ‘e he kau pāsesé ha niʻihi ne nau puke ʻi he flu mo e mīsele ʻi he vaká. Na‘e tuʻutu‘uni ʻe he kau ma‘u mafai fakalotofonuá ha kolonitini ke taʻofi “ʻa e toe pihia ʻa ʻAokalani” mei he kau pāsese mulí, ʻo tapuʻi ai ʻa e kau pāsese ʻo e Makura mei he fakahifó. Naʻe nofo pē ʻa Mele Uaʻanga, ʻApikala Pōmale, ʻĪsaia Uaʻanga, Sitinī Kulisi, Keiti Kulisi mo e fānau ʻe toko fitu ‘i he loto vaká ʻo laka hake ʻi he uike ‘e taha kimuʻa pea nau toki ha‘u ki ʻuta.¹²

Na‘e ngata ʻa e Tau Lahi I ʻi he kamata ke holo ʻa e konga hono 2 ʻo e mahaki fakaʻauhá. Na‘e fakafiefiaʻi ʻe he tokolahi ʻo e kakai ʻo ʻIutaá ʻa e ʻosi ʻo e taú ʻaki ha ngaahi laka mo ha ngaahi kātoanga, ‘a ia naʻe vave ai e tupulaki ʻo e pipihi ‘a e mahakí.¹³ Na‘e ngāue ʻaki ‘e he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi founga kehe ke taʻotaʻofi ʻaki ʻa e mahakí, ʻo hangē ko hono faka‘aongaʻi ‘o e fanga kiʻi ipu siʻisiʻi fakafo‘ituituí kae ʻikai ko ha ipu fevahevahe‘aki ʻe taha ki he sākalamēnití mo fokotuʻu atu ha ngaahi founga haisini kehe ki hono teuteu ‘o e sākalamēnití.¹⁴ Ko hano fakatahaʻi ʻo ha ngaahi tokoni maʻá e moʻui lelei ʻo e kakaí, hangē ko e akó mo hono tāpuni ʻo e ngaahi siasí, ngaahi fakangatangata ki ha ngaahi fakatahaʻanga tokolahí, ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e tui meʻa maluʻi ki he ngutú mo e ihú, ngaahi kolonitiní, mo e ngaahi meʻangāue ke tāmateʻi ʻaki ʻa e siemú, naʻá ne fakatuaiʻi ʻa e mahaki fakaʻauhá.¹⁵ Naʻe holo ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e niʻihi naʻe fokoutuá ʻi he faʻahita‘u failaú mo e faʻahita‘u māfana ʻo e 1919, pea ʻi he taʻu 1920 naʻe hoko ʻa e flu ko ha mahaki fakaʻauha fakataimi; ko ha sīpinga ʻoku kei aʻusia ʻi he ta‘u kotoa pē ʻi he funga ‘o e māmaní.¹⁶

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

• Trent Toone, “Looking Back at General Conference in the Age of Influenza Outbreaks and World War I,” Church News (6 ‘Epeleli 2019), ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

• Matthew McBride, Ryan Saltzgiver mo Justin Bray, “The Church Is More than a Meetinghouse,” history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

• Lisa Olsen Taiti, “Susa Young Gates and the Vision of the Redemption of the Dead: D&C 138,” ʻi he Revelations in Context, ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

• George S. Tate, “I Saw the Hosts of the Dead,” Ensign, Dec. 2009, 54–59.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

• John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (New York: Viking, 2004).

• Leonard J. Arrington, “The Influenza Epidemic of 1918–19 in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 2 (1990), 165–82.

• Justin R. Bray, “The Lord’s Supper during the Progressive Era, 1890–1930,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 38, no. 4 (2012), 88–104.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: World War I, Joseph F. Smith

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

1. Naʻe toki fakapapauʻi ʻe he kau Saienisí kimui ange ko e flu ko ʻení naʻe tupu ia mei he “novel H1N1 influenza A virus”; vakai, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Ann H. Reid, Amy E. Krafft, Karen E. Bijwaard, mo Thomas G. Fanning, “Initial Genetic Characterization of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Virus,” Science, vol. 275, no. 5307 (1997), 1793–96; vakai foki ki he Douglas Jordan mo Terrence Tumpey and Barbara Jester, “The Deadliest Flu: The Complete Story of the Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dec. 17, 2019, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “History of 1918 Flu Pandemic,” Mar. 21, 2018, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline,” Mar. 20, 2018, cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources; World Health Organization, Avian Influenza: Assessing the Pandemic Threat (2005), 25. Koe‘uhi naʻe ʻikai faʻa fakakau ʻe he tānaki fakamatalá ʻa e ngaahi tukui kolo tuʻufonuá, ko e tokolahi ʻo e mate fakaemāmani lahi mei he mahaki fakaʻauhá naʻe ala aʻu pē ki he māʻolunga taha ko e 100 miliona; vakai ki he Niall P. A. S. Johnson mo Juergen Mueller, “Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 76, no. 1 (2002), 105–15.

3. John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (New York: Viking, 2004), 393–94.

4. Jeffery K. Taubenberger mo David M. Morens, “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 12, no. 1 (2006), 15–22.

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline,” cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources.

6. Leonard J. Arrington, “The Influenza Epidemic of 1918–19 in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 2 (1990), 167–69.

7. ‘Oku hā ʻi he ngaahi lipooti kimuʻa ʻi he‘ene mālōloó naʻe faingata‘aʻia ‘a Siosefa F. Sāmita mei he ngaahi alangamahaki ʻa ia ʻoku angamaheni kia kinautolu ʻoku matuʻotuʻa ʻi he vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa hono faʻu ʻo e ngaahi faitoʻo tāmate siemú. ‘Oku hiki ʻi he tohi fakamoʻoni mate ʻa Siosefa F. Sāmitá ʻa e bronchopneumonia ko e tefitoʻi ʻuhinga ʻo ʻene maté, ʻa ia ʻokú ne fokotu‘u mai naʻe pehē ʻe he kau toketā ne nau ngāue kiate iá ko ʻene holó ko e tupu mei heʻene puke kimuʻá kae ʻikai ko e kamata ʻe he flu. Vakai ki he “Four Score Years Have Passed Over Head of Venerable Church President,” Deseret Evening News, Nov. 13, 1918, 1; Joseph Fielding Smith, Death Certificate, Utah State Department of Health, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Death Certificates Series 81448, https://archives.utah.gov/indexes/data/81448/2229752/2229752_0000939.jpg; “President Joseph F. Smith, Venerable Church Leader, Summoned by Death Following Illness of Several Months,” Deseret Evening News, Nov. 19, 1918, 1.

8. “Passing Events,” Improvement Era, vol. 22, no. 1 (1918), 89.

9. ʻI he Lipooti Konifelenisi, Sune 1918, 74.

10. Kenneth W. Baldridge, “Sauniatu, Western Samoa: A Special Purpose Village, 1904–34,” Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 87, no. 3 (1978), 165–92.

11. James N. Lambert, Journals, 1916–1919, Nov. 4, 6, mo e 18, 1918, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

12. “The Makura,” Dominion, vol. 12, no. 58 (1918), 5; Lambert, Journals, Dec. 8, 1918; Florence H. Jensen, Journal, 1917 December–1918 December, Nov. 18–19, 1918, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

13. Arrington, 170–71, 181.

14. Justin R. Bray, “The Lord’s Supper during the Progressive Era, 1890–1930,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 38, no. 4 (2012), 103–4.

15. Martin C. J. Bootsma mo Neil M. Ferguson, “The Effect of Public Health Measures on the 1918 Influena Pandemic in U.S. Cities,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 18 (2007), 7588–93.

16. Arrington, 182; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1918 Pandemic Influenza Historic Timeline.”