Hikifonua ki Tuʻá

Lolotonga e vaeuaʻanga hono ua ʻo e senituli 19, naʻe nofo ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻi ha halanga ʻo e Hihifo ʻo ʻAmelika Tokelaú ʻa ia naʻe ʻalu atu mei ʻAlipēta, Kānata, ʻo fou atu ʻi ʻIutā, ʻo aʻu atu ki he Kolonia Suālesi, Mekisikoú. Naʻe kamata ke fakafoki ʻa e ngaahi feinga kimuʻa ke tānaki ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki he vahefonua ko ʻení ʻi he 1900 nai ʻi hono fakalotolahiʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e kau ului foʻoú ke nau nofo pē ʻi honau ngaahi fonua tupuʻangá kae ʻoua te nau hiki ki he Hihifo ʻo ʻAmeliká. ʻI he taimi tatau, naʻe kamata ke tohoakiʻi ʻe he ngaahi faingamālie fakaʻekonōmiká, fakaakó, mo fakapuleʻangá ha niʻihi fakafoʻituitui mo ha ngaahi fāmili tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní mei ʻIutā ki ha ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe liliu ʻe he “hikifonua ki tuʻa” ko ʻení ʻa e Siasí ʻi ha ngaahi founga mahuʻinga. Neongo naʻe kei ʻi ʻIutā mo e ngaahi siteiti takatakaí ha fuʻu kakai tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotú, ka naʻe kamata ke movete lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi fakatahaʻanga ʻo e Siasí ʻi he fonuá kotoa. ʻI he ʻalu ʻa e taimí, naʻe maʻu ʻe ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ʻi he ngaahi kolo lalahi ʻo ʻAmeliká ha ngaahi tuʻunga ʻiloa ʻi he pisinisí, puleʻangá, akó, mo e ngaahi tafaʻaki kehe ʻo e sōsaieti ʻAmeliká.

Naʻe fakalotolahiʻi ʻe ha ngaahi meʻa kehekehe ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau hiki ki tuʻa mei ʻIutā ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli 20. Talu mei heʻenau aʻu atu ki he ʻOtu Moʻunga ʻo e Hihifó, mo e feinga ʻa e Kāingalotú ke langa ha puleʻanga fakatuʻasino ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he vahefonua ko iá. ʻI ha ngaahi taʻu lahi, naʻe poupouʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ke fakatau pē mei he kaungā mēmipa ʻo e Siasí pea ke fakatapui pe nō atu ʻenau paʻangá mo e ngāué ki honau ngaahi uōtí, siteikí, mo e ngaahi nofoʻangá. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití naʻa nau langa ha ʻekonōmika ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he faingamālie fakafoʻituituí. ʻI he kau māmālie atu ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi he ngaahi pisinisi mo e fefakatauʻaki ʻa ʻAmeliká, naʻe fakautuutu ʻenau feinga ke maʻu e ngaahi faingamālie fakaako mo fakapalōfesinale ʻi tuʻa mei he vahefonua honau tupuʻangá.

Na‘e toe tokoni ‘a e ngaahi mālohi fakapolitikale mo faka‘ekonōmika lalahi kehé ki he fakautuutu ‘a e hikifonua ki tu‘á. Naʻe fakavaivaiʻi ʻe he ngaahi lao ki hono fakafepakiʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi he 1880 tupú pea hoko atu ai ha tō lalo fakaʻekonōmika fakafonua ʻi he 1890 tupú, ʻa e malava ʻa e ngaahi fāmili mo e ngaahi komiunitī ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ke tauhi kinautolú, ʻo iku ai ha tokolahi ke nau kumi ngāue ʻi ha feituʻu kehe. Kamata ʻi he 1900, naʻe fakaʻatā ʻe he ngaahi polōseki fakapuleʻanga ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻo e vaí ha ngaahi kelekele foʻou ʻi he kotoa ʻo Hihifo ʻAmeliká ki he fakalakalaka fakangoué, ʻo ʻoange ai ki he kau faama ʻi ʻIutaá ha ngaahi faingamālie ke nau hiki mo fakalahi ʻenau ngaahi ngāué, ʻa ia naʻe kamata ke liʻaki ai ha ngaahi kolo iiki lahi angé. ʻI hono fili ʻo Liiti Simuti ki he Senatoa ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1903, naʻá ne fakaafeʻi ha niʻihi ʻo ʻene kau ngāué ke nau maʻu ha ngaahi lakanga ʻi he ngaahi ʻōfisi fakapuleʻanga ʻi Uāsingatoni, D.C. Naʻe fakalotolahiʻi ʻe he ngaahi meʻa ne nau aʻusiá ha Kāingalotu kehe ke nau fekumi ki ha ngaahi ngāue fakapuleʻanga ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe hongofulu tupu hono hokó. Naʻe toe tohoakiʻi foki ʻe he hū ki he ako māʻolunga angé mo e ngāue fakapalofesinalé ha kakai lalahi kei talavou tokolahi ke nau mavahe mei ʻIutā ki Niu ʻIoke Siti, Sikākou, Losi ʻEniselesi, Seni Felenisisikou, mo Uāsingatoni, D.C.

Falelotu naʻe langa ʻi he 1933 ʻi Uāsingatoni, D.C., ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e fuofua siteiki ʻi he kolomuʻa ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1940.

Naʻe toe lahi ange ʻa e hikifonua ki tuʻá ʻi he kau atu ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki he kau taú mo ngāue ʻi he ngaahi ngāueʻanga maluʻí lolotonga e ongo tau fakaemāmani lahí. Hili e Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono II, naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau sōtia mālōloó ha ngaahi monūʻia ʻi he malumalu ʻo e G. I. Bill (Lao ki he Sōtia Mālōloó) ʻa ia naʻe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi tokoni ki he akó. Naʻe tupulaki vave ʻa e ngaahi kolo ʻo e kolisí ʻi he kau fakataha ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní mo e kau ʻAmelika kei talavou kehé ʻi he feinga ke maʻu ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga fakaakó, pea naʻe fokotuʻu ha ngaahi uooti ʻo e fānau akó ʻo takatakai ʻi he ngaahi ʻapiako ʻo e ʻunivēsití. Naʻe poupouʻi foki ʻe he kau mēmipa ʻo e ngāue fakakautaú ha ngaahi kolo ʻo e Siasí ʻi muli, ʻo faʻa fakafofongaʻi ʻe he kau ngāue fakakautau kimuʻa ʻi mulí ʻa e fuofua Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻi ha ngaahi fonua kehekehe.

ʻI he aʻu ki he vaeuaʻanga ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe fakautuutu e tokolahi ʻo e kāingalotu foʻoú ne nau kau ki he Siasí ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu mavahe mei ʻIutā mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Mei he 1923 mo e 1953, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ha ngaahi siteiki ʻi Kalefōnia, Niu ʻIoke, Tekisisi, mo Uāsingatoni, D.C.,—ko e ʻuluaki ia ʻi honau ngaahi siteiti takitaha mo e kolomuʻa fakafonuá—lolotonga ia naʻe tokoni ʻa e fakalahi ʻo e fefonongaʻaki fakavahaʻapuleʻangá, fefakatauʻaki fakaemāmani lahí, mo e fakalahi ʻo e misioná ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe hongofulu tupu hono hokó ki ha tupulaki fakaofo ʻi he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mo hono faʻu ha ngaahi siteiki tupulaki ʻi he funga ʻo e māmaní. ʻI he 1979, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e siteiki hono 1,000 ʻi Nāvū, ʻIlinoisi; hili ha taʻu ʻe hongofulu mā nima mei ai, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻa e siteiki hono 2,000 ʻi Mekisikou Siti; pea ʻi he 2012, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e siteiki hono 3,000 ʻi Siela Leone.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻo e Siasí

William G. Hartley, “The Church Grows in Strength,” Ensign, Sept. 1999, 32–39.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu ʻa e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration, 1919–1970,” ʻi he Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 144–47.

G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “On the Trail of the Twentieth-Century Mormon Outmigration,” BYU Studies, vol. 46, no. 1 (2007), 41–83.

Jan Shipps, “The Scattering of the Gathered and the Gathering of the Scattered: The Mormon Diaspora in the Mid-Twentieth Century,” ʻi he Douglas D. Alder, comp., Honoring Juanita Brooks: A Compilation of 30 Annual Presentations from the Juanita Brooks Lecture Series, 1984–2014 (St. George, Utah: Dixie State University Press, 2014), 72–88.

D. W. Meinig, “The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847–1964,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 55, no. 2 (June 1965), 191–220.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Hikifonua Maí, Ngaahi Nofoʻanga ʻo e Kau Paioniá, Ngaahi Uōtí mo e Ngaahi Siteikí, Ngaahi Kolo ʻo e Kau Sōtiá

1. Vakai ki he ongo Tefito: Ko e Tānaki ʻo ʻIsilelí, Ngaahi Nofoʻanga ʻo e Kau Paioniá.

2. G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration, 1919–1970,” ʻi he Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 144–47. Vakai foki ki he Tefito: Hikifonua Maí; Thomas G. Alexander, Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890–1930, 3rd ed. (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2012), 305–7.

3. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Fakatapuí mo e Lakanga Tauhí, Fengāueʻaki, Kautaha Uouangatahá.

4. Vakai, John Lauritz Larson, The Market Revolution in America: Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); and Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).

5. Dale Beecher, “The Post-Gathering Expansion of Zion: Mormon Settlements of the Twentieth Century,” ʻi he Thomas G. Alexander, ed., Times of Transition: Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History, 2003), 103–6. Vakai foki ki he Ongo Tefito: Lao Fakafepaki ki he Mali Tokolahí, Fengāueʻaki.

6. Johnson and Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 145. Vakai foki ki he Ongo Tefito: Ngaahi Hopo ʻa Liiti Simutí, ʻIkai Kau ki ha Faʻahi Fakapolitikale.

7. G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “On the Trail of the Twentieth-Century Mormon Outmigration,” BYU Studies, vol. 46, no. 1 (2007), 46–47.

8. Vakai ki he ongo Tefito: Tau Lahi Hono ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní, Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono II.

9. Johnson and Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 144–45; see also Thomas W. Simpson, American Universities and the Birth of Modern Mormonism, 1867–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).

10. Vakai ki he Tefito: Tupulaki ʻa e Ngāue Fakafaifekaú.

11. Johnson and Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 144–45.

12. Richard O. Cowan, “Stakes, 1910–Present,” ʻi he Plewe, Mapping Mormonism, 184; Gerry Avant, “3,000th Stake,” Church News, Dec. 9, 2012, 7.