“Ngaahi Tui Fakalotú ʻi he Kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻo e Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
“Ngaahi Tui Fakalotú ʻi he Kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá”
Ngaahi Tui Fakalotú ʻi he Kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá
ʻI he liliu mai ko ia e kau fuofua kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, ki heʻenau tui foʻoú, ne nau ʻomi ha ngaahi tui fakalotu, tukufakaholo mo ha ngaahi ʻulungaanga mahuʻinga mei he meʻa kuo nau aʻusia heʻenau tui fakalotu kimuʻá. Naʻe lahi ha ngaahi tui fakalotu ne saiʻia ai e kau maʻulotu ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití he taimi ko iá, ka ko e konga lahi ko e tupu ia mei he ngaahi taʻu lahi hono tālangaʻi e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻo e tui faka-Kalisitiané. ʻI he kau e kau uluí ki he Siasí, naʻe ʻikai ke nau liʻaki ʻenau ngaahi tui fakalotu kotoa ki muʻá, pea naʻe faʻa mahino kiate kinautolu e ngaahi fakahā mo e ngaahi akonaki ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá, neongo ʻenau ngaahi ʻilo kimuʻá. Naʻe hoko mai e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi fakahā ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá ko e tupu mei he ngaahi fehuʻi ne mapuna hake mei he puipuituʻa fakalotu ʻo Siosefa mo hono kaungā ngāué.1
Hili e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa ʻAmelika he konga kimui ʻo e taʻu 1700, naʻe hanga ʻe he konisitūtone fakafonua foʻoú ʻo taʻofi ha tui fakalotu ʻoku fakapaʻanga ʻe he puleʻangá. Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa mei ai kuo fai ʻe he puleʻanga ʻo e ngaahi siteití e meʻa tatau pē, ʻo fakaʻatā ai e feʻauʻauhi mālohi ʻi he ngaahi siasí mo e kau faifekau malangá. Naʻe lahi e ngaahi fakakaukau kehekehe naʻe tali ʻe he kakai tokolahi mo ako leleí, pea nau tālangaʻi e ngaahi tokāteliné ʻi he ngaahi nusipepa ʻiloá. Naʻe feinga e fuofua Kāingalotu ia he taimi ko iá ke ʻiloʻi kinautolu, kae pehē ki he kau Universalist, Arminian, pe Calvinist ʻo tatau pē ia mo e feinga ʻa ha taha ke ʻiloʻi e faʻahi fakapolitikale ʻoku kau ki ai he ʻaho ní. Ko e faʻahinga malanga fakalotu he kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá naʻe meimei nofo pē ia ʻi hono fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻo e Tohi Tapú, natula ʻo e ʻOtuá mo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, fakamoʻuí pea mo e sākalamēnití.
Ko e Tohi Tapú
Naʻe tākiekina ʻe he he Tohi Tapú e fakakaukau, lea mo e angafakafonua ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻo laka ange ia ʻi he toe tohi. Naʻe tatau pē kau politikalé mo e kau malangá ʻo fakatefito ʻenau ngaahi aleá ʻi he folofolá mo e fakalea fakatohitapú. Naʻe lau ʻe ha konga lahi ʻo e kau Palotisaní, ko e Tohi Tapú ko e mafai pē ia ʻe taha ki he meʻa fakatokāteliné, pea naʻe lau ʻe ha tokolahi ia ʻoku ʻikai pē ha foʻi hala ia ʻi hono fakaleá. Naʻe faʻa lahi hono fakaʻuhinga kehekehe ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻe he kau laukongá, ka ko e niʻihi tokosiʻi pē ne nau fehuʻia fakamātoato hono tuʻungá. Naʻe hanga ʻe ha ngaahi founga fakaeonopooni ʻa Siosefa Sāmita, ʻo tofa e hala ki hano toe vakaiʻi foʻou mo lelei ange e fakaʻuhinga mo hono ako ʻo e tohi tapú, ka naʻe huʻuhuʻu ha tokolahi ia ki he ngaahi founga foʻou ko ʻení, pea laka ange kiate kinautolu ia ke fakaʻaongaʻi pē e ngaahi potu folofola fakatohitapú, ʻo fakatatau mo e ʻatamai fakapotopotó. Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau fuofua Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, hangē ko honau kaungāʻapi Palotisaní, ne nau tuʻuaki ke lahi ange hono lau e Tohi Tapú.
Naʻe tokolahi ha kau ʻAmelika he kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá ne nau vilikikihi kuo feʻunga pē Tohi Tapú pea ʻikai ke nau fuʻu poupoua e founga naʻe tali ʻaki ʻe he Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní e Tohi ʻa Molomoná mo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá. Naʻe hanga ʻe he ngaahi tohi Apocryphal ʻo tākiekina e tokanga e kau laukonga he Tohi Tapú ka naʻe lau ʻe he tokolahi ia kuo ʻikai ha toe tohi folofola kehe ia (mei he ngaahi tohi kuo fakamafaiʻi ne angamaheni ʻaki hono tali ʻe kau Palotisaní mo e Kalisitiane Katoliká).
Natula ʻo e ʻOtuá mo e Faʻahinga ʻo e Tangatá
Naʻe tui e kau Kalisitiane ʻAmelika tokolahi, ki he tokāteline ko e ʻOtuá ʻoku hangē pē ko ia kuo ʻasi he ngaahi fakamatalá mo e tuʻutuʻuní. ʻOku fakamatala ai ki he ʻOtuá ko e toko tolu—Tamai, ʻAlo mo e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoni—ka ʻoku nau ʻi he sino pē ʻe taha. Naʻe ʻikai ongo faikehe e fakakaukaú ni ia ki he kau tauhí, ka naʻe hangē ia ha misiteli fakaofo ki he ʻOtuá, ne mahulu hake ia he mahino ʻa e tangatá. Neongo naʻe meimei pule pe faʻahinga tui ko ʻení (Trinitarians), ka naʻe tokolahi fau e kakai ia ne nau tokanga ki he fakakaukau fekauʻaki mo e Toluʻi ʻOtuá. Naʻe manakoa mo e deism, ia ʻi he niʻihi ne ʻikai ke nau kau ki ha siasí kae pehē ki he kau poto ʻi ʻIulope mo ʻAmeliká, ʻo nau tālangaʻi ʻoku ʻi ai ha ʻOtua tokanga ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ne ʻi heni, ko Ia ʻa e Tupuʻangá ʻokú Ne puleʻi ʻa e ʻunivēsí ka ʻoku tuku pē ke nau tauʻatāina. Naʻe toe fakalaka atu ha kau teolosia ia ne nau puputuʻu he fakakaukau ʻa e kau deists, neongo ʻenau kumi ki ha meʻa naʻe kehe mei he Trinitarianism, ʻo ʻiloa kinautolu ko e kau Unitarianism. Naʻe tala ʻehe kau teolosia ko iá ko e ʻOtuá ko e sino ia ʻe taha, naʻe tupu ʻa Sīsū ko e tangata Fakamoʻui pea ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní e mālohi ʻo e ʻOtuá.
Naʻe tui e tokolahi ʻo e kau malanga mo e kau faʻutohi faka-Kalisitiané ia naʻe hanga ʻe he Hinga ʻa e tangatá, hangē ko ia ʻoku hā he tohi ʻa Sēnesí, ʻo fakamatalaʻi e tūkunga ʻo e tangatá: naʻe moʻui e kakaí ʻi ha māmani hinga koeʻuhí ko e ʻuluaki angahalá, pea ʻe toki lava pē ke fai ha fakalakalaka mei he tūkunga ko ʻení ʻo fakafou ʻi ha founga fakalangi. Naʻe tokolahi ha kau Palotisani ʻAmelika ne nau tui kuo tukuʻau mai e angahala ia ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá pea nau lau ko e takuanoa ia ke ʻi ai ha fakakaukau ʻe lava ʻa e tangatá ʻo feinga ke hangē ko e ʻOtuá.
Fakamoʻuí
Naʻe ʻikai ha tefito ʻe lahi taha ai e fetaʻemahinoʻakí ka ko e natula ʻo e fakamoʻuí. Kuo taʻu lahi e feinga e kau teolosiá ke mahino ʻa e fetuʻutaki ʻi he vā ʻo e fakamoʻuí, tauʻatāiná, tomuʻa fakanofó pea mo e tokaimaʻananga mo e ʻaloʻofa ʻa e ʻOtuá. ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ki muʻa ʻo e 1800, naʻe kau ha tokolahi ʻo e kau Palotisani ʻAmeliká, neongo pe ko e fē siasi ne nau kau ki aí, ki ha taha ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga ko ʻení: Calvinism, Arminianism, pe Universalism.
Naʻe fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻe he faʻu lotu Palotisani mālōlō ko Sione Kalaviní ʻo pehē, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ʻOtuá e ʻilo kānokato ki he ikuʻanga ʻo ʻEne ngaahi fakatupú, ko ia kuó Ne ʻosi kotofa e niʻihi ʻe fakahaofi ki he meʻa ko iá. Naʻe mamata e kau tui kia Kalaviní, ko e faʻitelihá ko ha konga pē ia ʻo e finangalo ʻo e ʻOtuá, kae ʻikai ko ha fili tauʻatāina ʻa ha taha. Naʻe hanga ʻe he tangata teolosia tui faka-Kalavini ko ia ko Sēkopasi ʻAminiasi, ʻo fakahalaki ʻaupito ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa ko e tomuʻa ʻiloʻi e ikuʻangá, peá ne tālangaʻi naʻe ʻi ai e kaunga e fili ʻa e tangatá ki he fakamoʻuí (salvation). Naʻe fakakikihi foki ʻe ʻAminiasi, naʻa mo kinautolu ne ʻosi kotofa ki he fakamoʻuí, te nau lava pē ʻo fakafepakiʻi e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní. Ne ʻi ai ha kau tui faka-ʻAminiasi kimui ange, kau ai ʻa e tangata Metotisi ko Sione Uaisēleé, ne nau tui ʻe lava ʻe ha tangata ʻi haʻane fili ki ai pea ʻi he ʻaloʻofa ʻa e ʻOtuá, ʻo maʻu ha ʻofa haohaoa pea mōlia ai e holi ke faiangahalá. Naʻe hanga ʻe he kau fakafepaki ki he tokāteline ko ʻení ʻo fakakikihiʻi ʻe toki lava pē ke hoko e tuʻunga ko iá ʻi ha tuʻunga nāunauʻia hili e moʻui ko ʻení, kae ʻikai ʻi he moʻui fakamatelié.
Naʻe mamata ha konga lahi e kau tui Kalaviní mo e kau ʻAminiasí ko e fakamoʻuí ʻe foaki pē ia ki ha niʻihi tokosiʻi fau, ka ko e konga lahi te nau fehangahangai mo e malaʻiá. Ko e kau Universalists, leva he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ne nau tui kinautolu ʻoku tuʻunga ʻia Sīsū Kalaisi e hoko ʻa e Fakalelei haohaoá, pea ʻe fakahaofi ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē. Naʻe mahino kiate kinautolu e tokāteline fakatohitapu ʻo e tauteá, ko ha meʻa fakataimi pē mo ha fakatonutonu. Ne nau fakaʻuhingaʻi naʻe ʻofa haohaoa e ʻOtuá ki he māmaní pea te ne iku fakamoʻui ʻa e faʻahinga kotoa pē ʻo e tangatá.
Naʻe hanga ʻe he ngaahi tālanga ko ʻení fekauʻaki mo e ʻuhinga ʻo e fakamoʻuí, ʻo tataki e kau tuí ke nau ongoʻi loto tailiili ki honau tuʻunga ʻonautolú. Naʻe kehekehe pē founga naʻe feinga ai e kau Kalaviní mo e kau ʻAminiasí ke maʻu ha fakapapauʻi fekauʻaki mo e fakamoʻuí. Naʻe feinga e kau Kalaviní ke lau ʻenau ngaahi aʻusia fakalaumālie fakatāutahá, e ngaahi ongo ne nau maʻú mo ʻenau ngaahi tōʻongá, ko ha fakaʻilonga kuo fili ʻe he ʻOtuá kinautolu ke fakamoʻui. Naʻe faʻa fekumi e kau ʻAminiasí ke fakapapauʻi mei he ngaahi fakamoʻoni mālohi ʻa e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní. Naʻe lau ʻe ha niʻihi naʻe fie maʻu ke fai ngaahi ouau fakalotu ko ia hangē ko e papitaisó pea mo e ʻEukalisiá (ʻohomohe ʻa e ʻEikí), ki hoto fakamoʻuí.
Ngaahi Ouau Tapú mo e Mafaí
ʻOku faʻa ui ʻe he kau Kalisitiané ʻa e ngaahi ouaú mo e ngaahi meʻa toputapu ʻoku faí, hangē ko e papitaisó, ko e ngaahi ouau tapú pe sākalamēnití. ʻI he tukufakaholo ʻa e Katolika Lomá mo e Kau Siu he Hahaké, ko e sākalamēnití ko ha ngaahi ouau fakalotu naʻe mahuʻinga ki he fakamoʻuí. Naʻe fakatotolo ʻe he kau taulaʻeikí honau mafai ke fakahoko ʻaki e ngaahi ouau tapú, ʻo fakafou ʻi he fakahokohoko ʻo e kau ʻepikopoó, ʻo foki ki he kuonga ʻo e kau ʻAposetolo he kuonga muʻá ne taki ai ʻa Pitá. Ko e kau faʻu lotu Palotisani foʻoú, tautefito kia Māteni Luta mo Sione Kalaviní, ne nau lau ʻe kinautolu e ngaahi ouau tapú ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻo e tuí; naʻe ʻave mafaí ia ki he haʻofanga ʻo e kau tuí kae ʻikai ko e niʻihi tokosiʻi kuo fakanofó, pea ko hono tali ko ia ʻo ha ouau tapu pe sākalamēniti, naʻe tuku ʻataʻatā pē ia ki he Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní.
Naʻe tālangaʻi lahi foki pea mo e founga, taimi mo e fie maʻu ko ia ke fai ha papitaisó. Naʻe fakaangaʻi lahi e tukufakahoko ʻa e Katoliká mo e lotu faka-Siú (Orthodox), ʻi hono papitaiso e fānau valevalé, lolotonga e Fokotuʻu Lotu Foʻou ʻi ʻIulopé (European Reformation), neongo naʻe kei kauhala kehekehe pē ʻa e Kau Palotisani ʻi ʻAmeliká ʻi he founga ko ʻení. Naʻe tui e kau siasi Papitaisó ia, ko kinautolu pē ʻoku ngāue ʻi he tuí, ʻoku nau ʻiloʻi kakato ʻenau fili ke haʻu kia Kalaisí, pea ʻe ʻaonga honau papitaisó. Naʻe tui e niʻihi kehé ia, ʻoku ʻaonga pē ouau papitaisó ia ʻiate ia pē neongo pe ko e hā hoto taʻu motuʻá pe tuʻunga matuʻotuʻa ʻo e tokotaha ʻoku papitaisó. Naʻe tālangaʻi foki mo e ngaahi founga papitaisó. Naʻe fakamamafaʻi ʻe he siasi Papitaisó ia mo ha niʻihi kehe ʻa e fakaukú, kae fakaʻatā ʻe he kau Lūteló, tui Faka-ʻEpikopoó, Congregationalists, Pelesipiteliané mo e kau Metotisí, ke fai e papitaisó ʻaki hono lilingi pe luluku.
Naʻe hanga ʻe he ngaahi meʻá ni mo ha ngaahi tālanga kehe, ʻo tataki ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ke ne maʻu ha konga lahi ʻo ʻene ngaahi fakahā nāunauʻiá. ʻOku fonu e ngaahi tohi folofola ʻo e Siasí ʻi ha ngaahi tali kuo fakahā mai ki he ngaahi fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e mafai ʻo e Tohi Tapú, natula ʻo e Toluʻi ʻOtuá, ikuʻanga ʻo e laumālie ʻo e tangatá, mahuʻinga pea mo e founga papitaisó, mafai ʻo e lakanga fakataulaʻeikí pea mo e ngaahi ngāue ʻa e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní. Naʻe hanga ʻe he ngaahi fakahā ko ʻeni ʻi onopōní, ʻo fakahaaʻi mai ha ngaahi tokāteline mo ha ngaahi ouau toputapu makehe mei he niʻihi ko ia ne maʻu mei he ʻātakai angamaheni ne nau ʻākilotoa e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní.
Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Ngaahi Siasi Faka-Kalisitiane ʻi he Kuonga ʻo Siosefa Sāmitá, Ngaahi Fakaakeaké, Ngaahi Fakamatala ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he ʻUluaki Mata Meʻa-Hā-Maí