Kuaea Tāpanekalé

Hili ha taʻu ʻe ua mei he tūʻuta ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he Teleʻa Sōlekí, naʻe fanongonongo ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻe fetongi ʻe ha tāpanekale ʻa e fale fakapalepale ne langa ʻaki e mohukú ʻa ia ne tuʻu ʻi he Temipale Sikueá ne ui ko e palepalé. Naʻe tataki ʻe Sitīveni Katoti ha kuaea ʻi he ngaahi fakataha lotu naʻe fai ʻi he palepalé, pea naʻe hokohoko atu ke ne fakahoko ha ngaahi ako hiva mo e fakaʻaliʻali kimuʻa he fakatapuí pea ʻi he hili ʻa hono fakatapui ʻo e Tāpanekale Motuʻá ʻi he 1852. Hili ha taʻu ʻe valu mei ai, naʻe fili ʻe ha kulupu tā meʻalea ʻi Sōleki Siti ʻa Sālesi Sione Tōmasi ke ne tataki e kuaea ʻa e tāpanekalé pea mo e ʻokesitulā fakalotofonuá. Naʻe fakalahi ʻe Tōmasi ʻa e fakaʻaliʻali ʻa e kuaeá mei he ngaahi himí ke fakakau ai e ngaahi hiva ʻiloa ʻi ʻIulopé mo e ngaahi hiva manakoa kehé. ʻI he 1863, naʻe fakakaukauʻi ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ke langa ha tāpanekale foʻou mo fakaleleiʻi e ʻū nofoʻangá, fakaleleiʻi e ongo ʻo e ʻū meʻaleá, pea mo ha ʻōkani kalasi ʻuluaki. He ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he feʻunga ʻa e fale foʻoú ke fai ai e ngaahi fakatahaʻanga ʻo e konifelenisi lahí mo e ngaahi fakataha faka-Siasí ka ʻe lava foki ke fakahoko ai ha ngaahi koniseti mo ha ngaahi polokalama fakafonua. Naʻe fakatapui ʻa e Tāpanekale foʻou ʻi Sōlekí ʻi he 1867, ne fakaʻaliʻali ai ha ngaahi hiva ne fakahoko ʻe ha kuaea ne toko 150 hono tokolahí ʻa ia ne fakahingoa pē ki he feituʻu ne fakahoko aí.¹

ʻUluaki tāpanekalé mo e palepale ʻi he Temipale Sikueá ʻi Sōleki Siti, fakafuofua ki he 1861.

Koeʻuhí ko e ongo lelei ʻa e meʻalea ʻo e Tāpanekalé ne hoko ai ʻa e falé ko e holo koniseti lelei taha ia ʻi he Fakahihifo ʻo ʻAmelika Tokelaú. Naʻe hokohoko atu ʻe Siaosi Kealesi, ko e talēkita hiva ʻa e Siasí, ke fakakau mai ha kau hiva taʻetotongi mo fokotuʻutuʻu ha ngaahi koniseti mo e ʻOkesitulā ʻa e Fale Faiva Sōlekí, ʻo fengāueʻaki fakataha mo e kau faihiva fakalotofonuá ke fakatupulaki e ongoongo ʻo e koló, ko ha senitā fakaʻātí. Naʻe faʻa hiva maʻu pē ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekale ʻa Sōlekí ʻi he konifelenisi lahí ʻi he kotoa ʻo e 1860 mo e 1870 tupú, fakataha mo ha ngaahi kuaea kehekehe pē.²

Naʻe tānaki atu ʻe ha kau talēkita kehe, kau ai ʻa ʻEpenisa Pesilī mo ʻĒveni Sitīveni, ha kau mēmipa ki he Kuaeá, ʻo aʻu ai ʻa e ʻavalisi ʻo e ako hivá ki he toko 300 tupu ʻi he 1890 tupú. Naʻa nau ʻave foki ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi ha ngaahi fefolauʻaki fakaʻaliʻali. Naʻe fakalahi ʻe Sitīveni ʻa e fakaʻaliʻalí ki ha ngaahi fakatahaʻanga lotu ʻa e Siasí mo ha ngaahi fakatahaʻanga kehe ʻe 120 tupu ʻi he ʻuluaki taʻu pē naʻá ne hoko ai ko e talēkitá, pea naʻá ne tataki e Kuaeá ʻi he fakaʻaliʻali ʻiloa taha he taimi ko iá, naʻe fika ua ai [ʻa e Kuaeá] ʻi ha feʻauhi hiva ʻi he Fakaʻaliʻali ʻa Māmani ʻi Sikākou ʻi he 1893.³ Naʻe fakahikihikiʻi ʻe Siosefa F. Sāmita ʻo e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi heʻenau fakatupulaki ha ngaahi ongoongo lelei ʻi he fonuá mo tokoni ke “toʻo ʻa e ngaahi tāufehiʻa” naʻe fehangahangai mo e Siasí.⁴ ʻI he 1895 naʻe ʻoatu ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ha ngaahi uiuiʻi fakaʻofisiale ki ha kau hiva ke nau ngāue ʻi he Kuaeá, pea lau pē kinautolu ko ha kau faifekau ʻoku nau fakapapau ke poupou ke pukepuke ʻa e ongoongo ʻo e Kuaeá ko ha kulupu hiva lavameʻa mo taukei.⁵

“Ko e fakaʻaliʻali ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekalé ʻi he Fakaʻaliʻali ʻa Māmani ʻi Sikākou ʻi he 1893 ki ha haʻofanga kakai ʻe laumano.”

Naʻe tali lelei ʻe ʻAnitoni Lani, ko e fetongi ʻo ʻĒveni Sitīvení, ʻa e tekinolosia ʻo e fakamafola letioó pea tataki e Kuaeá ʻi he ngaahi fakamafola hangatonu fakalotofonua ne kamata ʻi he 1924. Hili ha taʻu ʻe nima mei ai, naʻe kamataʻi ʻe he Kuaeá mo e pule letiō Sōleki Sití ko ʻEli J. Kēletí ha fakamafola fakauike fakafonua he ngaahi ʻaho Sāpaté ʻa ia ne kau ai ha ngaahi hiva toputapu pea, ʻi ha ngaahi taimi kimui ange, ne kau ai mo ha malanga nounou mo e tā-ʻōkani.⁶ Hili ha māhina ʻe tolu mei he fuofua fakamafola fakafonuá, naʻe holo lahi e mahuʻinga ʻo e sitoká ʻi he māketi fefakatauʻakí, ʻo tupu mei ai e Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká. ʻI he ʻIunaiteti Siteití kotoa, naʻe tokolahi ha kau fanongo ne nau faingataʻaʻia koeʻuhí ko e fuoloa ʻa e taʻe-maʻungāué mo e nounou fakameʻatokoní, ne ueʻi fakalaumālie kinautolu ʻe he mūsika ʻa e Kuaeá.⁷

ʻI he 1930, naʻe kau atu ha taha ngāue letiō kei talavou ko Lisiate L. ʻĒveni, ʻa ia ne hoko kimui ko ha ʻAposetolo, ki he fakamafola ʻo e Music & the Spoken Word ʻa ia naʻá ne hoko ko e taha fakamafola ʻo e polokalamá. Naʻe ʻiloa ʻa ʻĒveni ʻi heʻene fakaava ʻaki ʻene polokalamá ʻa e, “Mei he Fetaulakiʻanga ʻo e Hihifó, ʻoku mau talitali lelei kimoutolu ki he Temipale Sikueá ʻi Sōleki Siti ki he Music & the Spoken Word mo e Kuaea ʻa e Tāpanekale Māmongá,” pea naʻá ne tāpuni ʻaki ʻene polokalamá ʻa e, “ʻOfa ke ʻiate kimoutolu ʻa e melinó he ʻahó ni pea maʻu ai pē.” Lolotonga e taʻu ʻe 41 ʻo e ngāue ʻa ʻĒvení, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe heʻene ngaahi malanga nounoú mo e ngaahi hiva ʻa e Kuaeá ʻa e fakamafola fakauiké ko ha polokalama ne maʻu pale fakafonua.⁸

Naʻe hoko e manakoa ʻa e fakamafolá ke tohoakiʻi mai ai ha kau niʻihi ongoongoa he mūsiká mo ha kau faihiva ʻiloa ke fengāueʻaki mo e Kuaeá. ʻI he ngaahi taʻu 1950 tupú, naʻe hoko e ngaahi fefolauʻaki holo ʻa e Kuaeá ʻo fakaʻaliʻalí ke nau hū ai ʻi ha ngaahi holo koniseti ʻiloa ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo ʻIulope pea mo ʻasi ʻi he ngaahi televīsone fakafonuá. ʻI he fakaʻau ke lahi ange ʻa e fakamafola ʻi he letioó pea lahi mo e ʻū lekōtí, naʻe manakoa ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi he ʻulungaanga fakafonua ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití pea naʻe faʻa ui ia ko e “Kuaea ʻa ʻAmeliká.” ʻI he 1964 naʻe fakaafeʻi ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ko Linitoni Sionisoní ʻa e Kuaeá ke hiva ʻi heʻene polokalama fakanofo [palesitení], ko ha fakaʻaliʻali ia ne pehē ai ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Tēvita O. Makeí “ko e lāngilangi laulōtaha ia kuo maʻu ʻe he Kuaea Tāpanekalé.”⁹ ʻI he hili ha ngaahi taʻu lahi mei ai, ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻilonga taha ʻa e Kuaeá ne kau ai ha ngaahi fakanofo palesiteni ʻe nima kehe ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, Kātoangaʻi ʻo e Taʻu Uangeau ʻa e Tauʻatāina ʻa ʻAmeliká ʻi he 1976, pea mo e ʻOlimipiki ʻo e Faʻahitaʻu Momokó ʻi he 2002.

Naʻe toe fakalahi e ʻū lekooti mo e ʻaʻahi fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi heʻene hoko ko ha kulupu mūsika manakoá pea tokolahi mo e kakai he funga ʻo e māmaní ne nau saiʻia he Kuaeá. Hili ha uike ʻe fitu ʻo e folau holo ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi ha ngaahi vahefonua ʻe ono ʻi ʻIulope ʻi he 1955, naʻa nau fakahoko ha ngaahi fefolauʻaki lalahi ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo ʻIulope, pea ʻi he 1990 tupú ne nau fakaʻaliʻali foki ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻo ʻĒsia, ʻAmelika Tonga, Pasifikí, mo ʻIsileli. ʻI ha ngaahi tūkunga ʻe niʻihi, naʻe hoko e ngaahi fefolauʻakí ke maʻu ai ha ngaahi faingamālie ngāue fakafaifekau ʻi he ngaahi fonua naʻe ʻosi tapui ke fai ki ai ha ngāue fakafaifekaú.¹⁰

Kuo maʻu foki ʻe he ʻū lekooti ʻa e Kuaeá ha ngaahi fakalangilangi lahi. Naʻe fakatau atu e lekooti ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi he 1958 ki he faʻu ʻa Siaosi Feletiliki Haniteli ko e Mīsaiá ha tatau ʻe taha miliona tupu, pea naʻe fakakau ia ʻi he Tauhiʻanga Lekooti Fakafonua ʻa e Laipeli Fakapuleʻanga ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití koeʻuhí ko hono mahuʻinga fakafonuá mo fakahisitōliá.¹¹ Kuo maʻu ʻe he ʻū lekooti mo e ngaahi polokalama letiō kehe mei ha katiloka ʻo ha ʻū ʻalapama ʻe 200 tupu mo ha ngaahi fakamafola ʻe 4,700 tupu, ha ngaahi fakalangilangi kehe hangē ko e Peabody Award, National Radio Hall of Fame, National Medal of Arts, Emmy Awards ʻe fā, mo ha Grammy Award.¹²

ʻI he fakaʻau ke lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi fefolauʻakí, ʻū lekōtí, mo e ngaahi fakamafolá, naʻe fakalahi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí mo e kau palesiteni ʻo e Kuaea Tāpanekalé ʻa e taimi-tēpile ki he pisinisi mo e fakaʻaliʻali ʻa e Kuaeá ke aʻu ki ha kakai foʻou. Naʻe takitaha fakatupulaki ʻe he kau faihiva ko J. Sipenisā Koniuolo, Lisiate P. Konitī, Sei E. Uēlesi, Sēloti ʻOtilī, Kuleiki Seisopi, mo Meki Uilipoki ʻa e ongoongo ʻa e Kuaeá mo pukepuke ʻenau taukei ʻiloá lolotonga ia hono fakahoko e fatongia ʻo e Kuaeá ke ʻoatu e ngaahi hiva fakamaama fakalotu ki he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí mo fakafofongaʻi ʻa e Siasí ko ha “kau ʻamipasitoa lelei.”¹³

ʻI he 2018, naʻe liliu ʻe he Kuaeá hono hingoá mei he Kuaea Tāpanekale Māmongá ki he Kuaea Tāpanekale ʻi he Temipale Sikueá, ko ha tali ki he kole ʻa e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, Lāsolo M. Nalesoní, ke toʻo ʻa e foʻi lea “Māmongá” mei he hingoa ʻo e ngaahi kautaha ʻoku ʻa e Siasí ko ha feinga fakalaumālie ke fakaʻaongaʻi e hingoa totonu ʻo e Siasi ʻo e ʻEikí.¹⁴

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

Ko e Kuaea Tāpanekale ʻi he Temipale Sikueá, thetabernaclechoir.org.

Doyle L. Green, “The Tabernacle Choir: 106 Years of Missionary Singing,” Ensign, Nov. 1973, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1973/11/news-of-the-church/the-tabernacle-choir-106-years-of-missionary-singing.

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015).

Lloyd D. Newell, “From the Crossroads of the West,” in Scott C. Esplin and Kenneth L. Alford, eds., Salt Lake City: The Place Which God Prepared (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 2011), 305–22.

Richard E. Turley Jr., “‘Epoch in Musical History’: The Mormon Tabernacle Choir’s First Recordings,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 2 (2011), 100–21.

Cynthia Doxey Green, “The Mormon Tabernacle Choir’s European Tours,” in Brent L. Top and Donald Q. Cannon, eds., Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint Church History: Europe (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 2003), 185–99. [https://rsc.byu.edu/regional-studies-latter-day-saint-church-history-europe/mormon-tabernacle-choirs-european-tours]

Richard L. Evans Sermonette Library, https://richardlevans.org/sermonette.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Columbian Exposition of 1893 (Fakaʻaliʻali Fakamanatu ʻo Kolomupusí ‘i he 1893), Ngaahi Himí

1. Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 16–24.

2. Hicks, 25–26.

3. Vakai ki he Tefito: Columbian Exposition of 1893 (Fakaʻaliʻali Fakamanatu ʻo Kolomupusí ‘i he 1893).

4. Hicks, 44.

5. Hicks, 44–45. Ko e ongo tohi ke kau ʻi he kau mēmipa ʻo e Kuaeá mo tukuange mei he Kuaeá naʻe faifai pē pea ui ia ko ha “uiuiʻi fakafaifekau”; vakai, Hicks, 171.

6. Hicks, 71–72.

7. Vakai ki he Tefito: Great Depression (Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká).

8. Lloyd D. Newell, “From the Crossroads of the West,” in Scott C. Esplin and Kenneth L. Alford, eds., Salt Lake City: The Place Which God Prepared (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 2011), 305–22.

9. Hicks, 124.

10. Hicks, 152–53; Cynthia Doxey Green, “The Mormon Tabernacle Choir’s European Tours,” in Brent L. Top and Donald Q. Cannon, eds., Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint Church History: Europe (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 2003), 185–99.

11. Hicks, 116–17.

12. The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, “FAQs,” https://www.thetabernaclechoir.org/about/faqs.html; “2019 by the Numbers,” https://www.thetabernaclechoir.org/articles/the-tabernacle-choir-2019-by-the-numbers.html.

13. Hicks, 171.

14. “World-renowned Mormon Tabernacle Choir Changes Its Name,” News Release, October 5, 2018, https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/world-renowned-mormon-tabernacle-choir-changes-name.