“Ngaahi Kikite ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
“Ngaahi Kikite ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá”
Ngaahi Faʻunga Fakalao mo Fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká
Naʻe pehē ʻe he palōfita ʻo e Tohi ʻa Molomoná ko Nīfaí, ʻe ala faingataʻa ke mahino kiate kitautolu e ngaahi fakamatala ʻi he tohi ʻa ʻĪsaiá kae ʻikai ke tau ʻilo ki he siokālafi mo e hisitōlia, ʻa hono fonua ko Selusalemá.1 ʻOku mahuʻinga fau e ngaahi moʻoni ne akoʻi ʻe ʻĪsaiá ka ʻoku ʻi ai hono puipuituʻa pau. Ko e meʻa tatau pē, ʻa e hoko e hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí he kuonga muʻá ʻi ha puipuituʻa fakapolitikale mo fakasiokālafi pau. ʻE faingofua ange ke tau ʻilo e ngaahi meʻa ne hoko ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí he kuonga muʻá ʻi he mahino kiate kitautolu e puipuituʻa ko ʻení.
Ko e ʻAmelika he Kuonga Muʻá ko ha Aʻusia ia
Naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ko e Lahí., Lusi Meki Sāmita, mo ha Kāingalotu kehe ʻi he kuonga muʻá ko ha kau Pilitānia ʻi he ngaahi fonua kolonia ʻo ʻAmeliká. Lolotonga ha Tau fuoloa ʻo e Tauʻatāiná, naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fonua kolonia kimuʻá ʻa e hingoa ʻIunaiteti Siteití pea nau ohi ha puleʻanga fakatemokalati. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 1787 mo e 1789, ne fakataha ha kau fakafofonga mei he ngaahi siteití mo faʻu ha Konisitūtone naʻá ne fakapotupotutatau e mālohi ʻi he ngaahi kulupu kehekehé, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kakaí, ngaahi siteití, pea mo e puleʻanga fakafonua foʻou, pe “puleʻanga fakalukufuá”; pea ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Fale Aleá, palesitení mo ʻene kapinetí, pea mo e ngaahi fakamaauʻanga fakapuleʻangá. Naʻe fokotuʻu pau ʻe he Konisitūtoné, ʻe fili ʻa e palesitení mo e konga lahi ʻo e Fale Aleá, ka ko e kakai tangata pē ne maʻu kelekelé naʻe ngofua ke fili he taimi ko iá. Naʻe fakangatangata ʻe he Konisitūtoné e puleʻanga fakalūkufuá mei hono fokotuʻutuʻu ha tui fakalotu fakaʻofisiale pe kaunoa ʻi he fakaʻaongaʻi tauʻatāina ʻo e tui fakalotú. Ko hono fakalukufuá, naʻe vaivai ange e puleʻangá he taimi ko iá, ʻi he taimí ni he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻo lahi ange e mafai ʻo e siteití ʻi he ngaahi tukui kolo fakalotofonuá.
Naʻe kehe e faʻunga ko ia ʻo e puleʻangá naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití pea faʻa pehē ko hano ʻahiʻahiʻi pē. Ne fāʻeleʻi mo moʻui ha kau mēmipa tokolahi ʻo e Siasí he taimi ko ʻení, ʻo ʻikai fuoloa mei hono nofoʻi ʻo e fonuá. Hangē ko ʻení, ʻi he taimi naʻe mali ai ʻa Siosefa ko e Lahí, mo Lusi Meki Sāmitá, naʻe hoko ʻa Siaosi Uasingatoni ko e fuofua palesiteni ʻo e fonuá. Hili ʻene mavahe mei he lakangá, ne fakaʻau ke hoko ha ongo kulupu feʻauʻauhi fakapolitikale ʻe ua ko ha konga mahuʻinga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká. ʻIkai ngata aí, ne lahi ha ngaahi fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e tuʻunga napangapangamālie ʻo e mālohí ʻi he ngaahi vaʻa kehekehe ʻo e puleʻangá, ko e ngaahi fatongia ʻo e puleʻanga fakalukufuá mo fakasiteití, pea mo hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi tukui koló e laó ke fakaleleiʻi ʻaki e fakakikihí mo e fakamoveuveú.2 Naʻe ʻi ai foki mo ha ngaahi fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e tuʻunga malava ko ia ʻe he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke pukepuke e tauʻatāiná, pe ʻe uouongataha ai pē ʻa e siteití, founga ʻe fetaulaki ai e fonuá mo e ngaahi fonua kehé, pea ʻe lava nai ʻe he puleʻanga ne toki fokotuʻu foʻoú ʻo fakapapauʻi ha tuʻunga lelei maʻá e tokolahí pea fakapapauʻi e totonu ʻa e fanga kiʻi kulupu īkí ʻi ha faʻunga ʻoku puleʻi ʻe he niʻihi tokolahi angé.
Ko e Siasí ʻi he Kuonga Muʻá pea mo hono Fakatupulaki e Faʻunga ʻo ʻAmeliká
ʻI taimi ne fokotuʻu ai e Siasí ʻi he 1830, ne kei fakatupulaki pē e ngaahi faʻunga fakapolitikale mo fakalao ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Neongo ne tala ʻe he fonua foʻoú ʻoku nau taukapoʻi e tauʻatāina ʻo e tui fakalotú, ka naʻe faʻa poleʻi ʻe he Kāingalotu he kuonga muʻá e ngaahi fakakaukau fakalotu ʻa ha kau ʻAmelika tokolahi. Naʻe tautautefito ʻene moʻoní ʻi he taimi ne fakataha ai e Kāingalotú ki ha feituʻu ʻe taha pea kamata hono langa ha koló. Ne faʻa hohaʻa honau ngaahi kaungāʻapí fekauʻaki mo e ivi takiekina ʻe maʻu ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui ní ʻi he ngaahi fili fakalotofonuá. ʻI he ngaahi meʻa lahi, naʻe siviʻi ʻe he ngaahi tukupā ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he tauʻatāina fakalotu ʻi he uhouhonga ʻo e fakatangá, e mālohi ko ia ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga fakalao mo fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká.
Naʻe feinga e kau fakatanga ki he Siasí ʻi Niu ʻIoke mo ʻOhaioó ke nau fakaʻaongaʻi e ngaahi fakamaauʻangá mo e fakamoveuveú fakatouʻosi ke fakamamahiʻi ʻaki e Kāingalotú.3 ʻI he uhouhonga ʻo e ngaahi fakatanga peheé, ne taukapoʻi mālohi ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻenau tauʻatāina fakalotú mo e founga fakalao totonu ki he fakaʻiloá. Ka neongo ia, naʻa mo e taimi ne nau angaʻofa ai ki he Kāingalotú, ne ʻikai faʻa ongoʻi ʻe he kau fakafofonga laó mo e kau fakamāú ʻoku nau maʻu ha mafai ke tokoniʻi kinautolu ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e fakatangá.
Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fakatangá ne faʻa hoko ia ʻi Mīsuli.4 ʻI he 1833, naʻe tuli ʻe ha kau fakatanga ne fakatahatahaʻi ʻe ha kau tangataʻi fonua ʻiloa, ʻa e Kāingalotú mei he Vahefonua Siakisoní (ko ha vahefonua pule ʻo ha siteiti), ne nau nofo aí. Hili hono maʻu ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ha fakahā ʻa ia naʻe folofola ai e ʻEikí te Ne “fokotuʻu e konisitūtone ʻo e Fonua ko ʻení ʻi he nima ʻo ha kau tangata poto,” naʻe kamata leva e faifeinga ʻa e Kāingalotú ke kole ha tokoni mei he puleʻangá ke maluʻi ʻenau totonú.5 Ne nau ʻuluaki tangi ki he kōvana (pe ʻōfisa pule) ʻo e siteití. Ka neongo ia, ne faingataʻa ke aʻusia ʻe he Kāingalotú ha angaʻofa koeʻuhí ne tokolahi ha kakai fakalotofonua ne nau fakafepakiʻi kinautolu, kau ai ha kau mēmipa ʻo e kau sōtia ngāue tokoni ʻa ia ne fakafalala ki ai e puleʻangá ke nau tauhi e māú. Naʻe tangi e Kāingalotú kimui ange ki he palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití palesiteni Mātini Veni Pūleni, ka ʻi heʻene manavahē he ʻikai fili ai e kau Mīsulí, naʻá ne fakafisi ke tokoniʻi kinautolu.
ʻI he 1844, ne fakaʻau ke puputuʻu ʻa Siosefa Sāmita mo e Kāingalotú ʻi he ʻikai malava pe taʻe-loto ko ia ʻa e siteití mo e puleʻanga fakalukufuá ke maluʻi ʻenau ngaahi totonú. ʻI he taimi ne ʻikai palōmesi ai e kau kanititeiti fili palesitení ke maluʻi e tauʻatāina fakalotu ʻa e Kāingalotú mo e ngaahi meʻa kehé, naʻe kemipeini leva ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he tuʻunga faka-palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻo ʻikai ngata pē heʻene taukaveʻi e tauʻatāina fakalotú ka ki he ngaahi founga foki ki hono fakatatafi atu ʻo e nofo hopoaté, liliu ki he pilīsoné, pea mo e fakalahi fakafonua e tuʻunga hono maʻu e fakangofua ki he ngaahi kulupu ʻo e Kau ʻInitia Kulá.6 Ka neongo ia, kimuʻa pea fakahoko e filí, naʻe fakapoongi ʻe ha kau fakatanga ʻa Siosefa Sāmita hili ia ha ʻikai lava ke maluʻi ia ʻe he kau sōtia, ʻa ia ne nau leʻohi e fale fakapōpula naʻá ne ʻi ai lolotonga ʻene tatali ki he hopó.7
Hikifonua ki he Fakahihifó, Fakakikihí, mo e Fakamelinó
Hili e pekia ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá, naʻe tataki fakahihifo ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi mo e kau ʻAposetolo kehé e Kāingalotú, mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ki he feituʻu ne ui he taimi ko iá ko e vahefonua Mekisikoú. ʻI he taimi ko ʻení, ne tau e ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo Mekisikou, pea ʻikai fuoloa mei ai kuo hoko e feituʻu ne nofoʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú ko e vahefonua ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻoku ʻiloa ko ʻIutaá. Naʻe puleʻi e ngaahi vahefonuá ʻe he puleʻanga fakalukufuá ʻo ʻikai hangē ko e ngaahi siteití, ʻa ia ne meimei lahi ke puleʻi pē ʻe kinautolu. Ko hono ʻuhingá, ko e kau ʻōfisa hangē ko e kau kōvaná mo e kau fakamāú ne fili ia ʻe he palesitení, kae ʻikai fili ʻe he kakai fakalotofonuá.
Ne faʻa lahi ha taʻefemahinoʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Kāingalotú mo e puleʻanga fakalukufuá. Naʻe fili ʻe he palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi ko e fuofua kōvana ʻo ʻIutaá, ka naʻe fakafepakiʻi ia mo e Kāingalotú ʻe he kau ʻōfisa fakavahefonua kehé. ʻI he 1857 mo e 1858, ne hangē ʻe tau e Kāingalotú mo e puleʻanga fakafonuá hili ia hano fekauʻi mai ʻe he palesitení ha kau tau ki ʻIutā ke taʻofi ha taʻefemahinoʻakí pea fokotuʻu ha kōvana foʻou ke ne fetongi ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi. Ne toe tupu e ngaahi fekeʻikeʻí hili ia hono fakahoko ʻe he puleʻanga ʻAmeliká ha tuʻutuʻuni fakalao ke hoko e mali tokolahí ko ha hia ʻi he 1860 tupú. ʻI he 1870 mo e 1880 tupú, ne longomoʻui fakapolitikale e kakai fefine Siasí ʻi hono fakafepakiʻi e ngaahi lao ki hono taʻofi e mali tokolahí pea nau hoko ko e kau fuofua fefine ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití pea mo e māmaní ke maʻu ʻa e totonu ke filí.
Hangē ko e fekumi ʻa e Kāingalotú ki ha fakamaau totonu mei he kau taki fakapuleʻangá ʻi he fakalalahi ʻa e ngaahi fakatanga ʻi Mīsulí, ne nau fekumi ki ha maluʻi mei he faʻunga ʻo e fakamaauʻanga ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻo taukaveʻi ʻoku nau maʻu ha totonu ke hokohoko atu ʻa e mali tokolahí ko ha konga ʻo ʻenau tui fakalotú. Hili hono ʻikai tali ʻe he Fakamaauʻanga Lahi ʻo ʻAmeliká ʻenau ngaahi feinga ʻi he 1879, ne kamata leva ke talangataʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ki he puleʻangá, ʻo nau taukaveʻi ʻoku mahuʻinga ange e talangofua ki he ngaahi fono ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi he talangofua ki he ngaahi lao taʻetotonú. ʻI he hokohoko atu e fakalalahi ʻe he puleʻangá e ngaahi tautea mamafa ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne nau kei fakahoko e mali tokolahí, ne fekumi e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ki ha fakahā fekauʻaki mo e founga ke fakafenāpasi ai e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻo ʻenau tui fakalotú pea mo e ngaahi lao ʻo e fonuá. Ne lotua ʻe he Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, Uilifooti Utalafi, ha fakahā peá ne maʻu ai ʻa e talí ʻi ha fakahā he 1890, ʻa ia ne tākiekina ai e Siasí ke fakangata ʻenau fakahoko e mali tokolahí.
ʻI he 1896, ne hoko ai ʻa ʻIutā ko ha siteiti, pea lava ke toe fakafenāpasi ange ai e moʻui ʻa ha tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotu tangata mo fefine ʻo e Siasí ki he tuʻunga moʻui ʻa e tangataʻi fonua ʻAmeliká. Neongo ne kei hokohoko atu pē ha ngaahi fakafepaki ʻe niʻihi ki he kau ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikalé, ka ʻi he 1908, naʻe fakaʻatā ai ʻe ha kōmiti ʻo e fale aleá hono fili ʻo Liiti Simuti, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Kōlomu ʻo e Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá, ki he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Talu mei ai mo e kau ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká, ko ha kakai fili mo ha kau ʻōfisa fili. ʻOku tauhi ʻe he Siasí honau tuʻunga ʻatā mei he ngaahi tafaʻaki fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká kae maʻu ʻa e totonu ke fakahoko ha ngaahi fakamatala ki ha ngaahi fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ʻenau tōʻonga moʻuí.