Kau ‘Initia Nofo Hopoate mo e Ngāue Fakasevāniti ʻi ha Vahaʻataimi Paú

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu lahi kimuʻa pea tūʻuta ʻa e Kāingalotu paionia ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻi he Teleʻa Sōlekí ʻi he 1847, naʻe fakatau atu ʻe he kau ʻInitia ʻAmelika ʻi he vahefonuá ʻa e kakai fefine mo e fānau naʻe puke pōpula mei he ngaahi kulupu naʻa nau fepakí. Naʻe fie maʻu foki ʻe he kau pālangi fefakatauʻaki ʻo ʻAmelika mo ʻIulopé ke fakatau atu ʻa e kau pōpula ʻInitia ʻAmeliká ko ha kau hopoate pe kau ngāue fakasevāniti, pea langaki ha fefakatauʻaki ʻo e kau pōpulá ʻi he Hihifó.¹ Hili ha ngaahi uike ʻo e tūʻuta ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he teleʻá, naʻa nau fetaulaki mo ha ngaahi matakali ʻInitiá ne nau puke pōpula mai ha longaʻi fānau mei he ngaahi kulupu kehé. Naʻe fakatau mai ʻe ha Kāingalotu ʻe niʻihi ha fānau ʻInitia mei he kau fefakatauʻaki pōpula ko ʻení, hili ʻenau mamata ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻe niʻihi ki hono tamateʻi pe fakamamahiʻi ʻa kinautolu ne ʻikai ke fakatau mai ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní.² Naʻe ohi mo feinga e ngaahi fāmili paioniá ke fakatahaʻi e longaʻi fānau ko ʻení ki he ngaahi kolo ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní, neongo ʻa e kehekehe e anga fakafonuá mo e lau lanu fakamatakalí. Naʻe fakamamahiʻi mo ngaohikovia ʻe ha niʻihi ʻa e longaʻi fānau ʻInitia ko ʻení.

ʻI Māʻasi 1852 naʻe fakapaasi ʻe he Falealea ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá ha “Lao ki hono Tokoniʻi ʻo e Kau Pōpula ʻInitiá mo e Kau Fakahū Pilīsoné,” ko ha lao ki hono maʻu mo tauhi e longaʻi fānau ʻInitiá. Naʻe lava ke ngāue ʻa e fānaú ko ha kau sevāniti ʻi ha vahaʻataimi pau ʻo aʻu ki ha taʻu ʻe 20, ka naʻe pau ke fai ʻe kinautolu ne ʻi ai haʻanau kau sevānití ha tohi aleapau ʻoku nau felotoi mo e kau ʻōfisa ʻo e vahefonuá, fakavalaʻi ʻa e fānaú “ʻi ha founga fakafiemālie mo lelei,” pea fakaakoʻi kinautolu.³ Naʻe fakakaukauʻi ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ʻa e laó ko ha founga lelei ia ke ne maumauʻi e fefakatauʻaki ʻo e pōpula ʻInitiá; naʻe tui ʻa ʻIongi ki hono hanga ʻe he Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻo “fakatau ʻa e kau pōpulá ke fakatauʻatāinaʻi kae ʻikai ko e fakatau mai e kau pōpulá ke nau kei pōpula.”⁴

Naʻe ʻave e longaʻi fānau ʻe toko 400 tupu mei he ngaahi kulupu ʻIutí, Paiutí, Kousiutí, Sosonē, mo Navahoú ki he ngaahi ʻapi ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ke nau hoko ko ha kau sevāniti kuo fai ha aleapau ki ai pe ohi kinautolu ʻi he vahaʻataimi ʻo hono fakapaasi ʻo e lao he 1852 mo e konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1880 tupú.⁵ Naʻe fakatau ʻa e peseti ʻe 60 nai ʻi he fefakatauʻaki mo e kau fakamālohí. Naʻe paea ha niʻihi tuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi fepakipaki fakamālohi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau ʻInitiá mo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní pe ko e kau ʻAmelika ʻIulope kehé. Meimei ko e peseti ‘e 20 naʻe fakatau atu pē foaki ki he ngaahi fāmili ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻe he ngaahi mātuʻa pe kāinga ne ʻikai ke toe lava ʻo maʻu haʻanau ngaahi fiemaʻu fakapaʻanga pea nau fakaʻānaua ke aʻusia ʻe he fānaú ʻa e lelei tahá. ‘I he fakaʻau ke lalahi e fānau naʻe ʻi ai ʻenau tohi aleapau ke ngāue maʻa ha tahá, naʻe faingataʻaʻia e tokolahi ke fakamanamanatu e tupuʻanga honau ngaahi fāmilí, kae foki e niʻihi kehé ki he ngaahi kolo ʻo e kau ʻInitiá ko e kau talavou mo e kau finemui pe kakai lalahi kei talavoú. Naʻe nofo pē ha niʻihi ʻi he ngaahi kolo ʻo e kau papālangí neongo naʻa nau faʻa ongoʻi naʻe ʻikai hanau mahuʻinga. Ka naʻe hoko e niʻihi ko e kau faifekau mo e kau taki Lotu ʻi heʻenau lalahí.⁶

ʻI he ofi ki he fakaʻosinga ʻo e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa ʻAmeliká, naʻe fakapaasi ʻe he Falealea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e Fakaleleiʻi hono Hongofulu Mā Tolu ki he Konisitūtoné, ʻa ia naʻá ne fakahalaiaʻi ʻa e nofo hopoaté mo e ʻikai ke tauʻatāina ʻa e pōpulá. ʻI he feituʻu fakahihifo ʻo ʻAmeliká, naʻe kei tuʻu maʻu pē ʻa hono fakahoko ʻo e tohi aleapau ke haʻi ʻaki ha taha ke ngāue ki ha tahá, ka naʻe hanga ʻe he lao fakapuleʻanga foʻoú ʻo holoki ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e kau aleapau foʻoú. ʻI hono fakahoko ʻe he puleʻangá ʻa e ngaahi laó ni pea fakangatangata ʻa e kakai ʻInitiá ki he ngaahi feituʻu pau, naʻe mole atu ʻa e founga aleapau ki he ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻataimi pau ʻa ʻIutaá pea ʻi he konga kimui ʻo e 1870 tupú naʻe siʻisiʻii ange.⁷

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Brian Q. Cannon, “‘To Buy Up the Lamanite Children as Fast as They Could’: Indentured Servitude and Its Legacy in Mormon Society,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 44, no. 2 (Apr. 2018), 1–35.

Richard Darrell Kitchen, “Mormon-Indian Relations in Deseret: Intermarriage and Indenture, 1847 to 1877” (PhD diss., Arizona State University, 2002).

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Fekauʻaki mo e fefakatauʻaki ʻo e kau pōpula ʻInitiá, vakai, Ned Blackhawk, Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008).

2. Brian Q. Cannon, “‘To Buy Up the Lamanite Children as Fast as They Could’: Indentured Servitude and Its Legacy in Mormon Society,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 44, no. 2 (Apr. 2018), 1–6.

3. “An Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners,” ʻi he Acts, Resolutions and Memorials Passed at the Several Annual Sessions of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1866), 87–88.

4. Christopher B. Rich Jr., “True Policy for Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 80, no. 1 (Winter 2012), 66.

5. Ko e ohí ko ha faʻahinga vā fetuʻutaki fakafāmili foʻou ia ʻi ʻAmelika ʻi he senituli 19, ko e ʻuluaki lao fakapuleʻanga ki he ohí naʻe fakapaasi ia ʻi Masasūseti ʻi he 1851. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he 1884, naʻe ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha founga fakalao ki hono ohi ʻo e fānaú ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá. Kimuʻa ʻi he ngaahi lao ko ʻení, naʻe hoko ʻa e aleapaú mo e ako ngāué ko e ongo founga angamaheni maʻá e fānau ngāué, masivá, pe ngaahi fāmili kuo moveté ke maʻu ha ngaahi tokoni ʻo e moʻuí ʻi ha ʻapi angamaheni, kau ai e akó mo e ako ngāué. Kuo vakaiʻi ʻe ha kau mataotao fakaʻatamai tokolahi ki he ngaahi laó ko ha ola ia ʻo hono fakahoko ʻo e aleapau ki he ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻataimi pau. Vakai, Susan L. Porter, “A Good Home: Indenture and Adoption in Nineteenth-Century Orphanages,” in E. Wayne Carp, ed., Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 27–29.

6. Cannon, “To Buy Up the Lamanite Children as Fast as They Could,” 6–35.

7. Richard Darrell Kitchen, “Mormon-Indian Relations in Deseret: Intermarriage and Indenture, 1847 to 1877” (PhD diss., Arizona State University, 2002), 222–23.