Ko e Kātoanga Fakaʻaliʻali ʻa Kolomupia ‘o e 1893

Naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kolo ʻo Sikākou, ‘Ilinoisí, ha kātoanga faiva fakafonua ʻi he 1893 ʻa ia naʻe tuʻuaki ʻe kinautolu naʻa nau fokotuʻutuʻú mo e ngaahi kautaha ongoongo ʻiloá ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakaemāmani lahi mahuʻinga taha ʻo e senitulí. Naʻe tohoakiʻi ʻe he Kātoanga Fakaʻaliʻali Fakaemāmani Lahi ʻa Kolomupiá, ʻa e kau ʻaʻahi ʻe laui miliona mei he tapa kotoa ʻo e kolopé ki hono lotoʻā ʻoku maile ʻe taha ʻa hono fālahí, pea laka hake ʻi he 200 ʻa e ngaahi fale ʻi aí, ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻe lau ngeau, mo e ngaahi konifelenisi mo e kātoanga maʻu meʻatokoni hokohoko, ʻa ia naʻe fakamanatu ai ʻa e taʻu 400 ʻo e tūʻuta ʻa Kulisitofā Kolomupusi ki ʻAmeliká, .

Na‘e kau atu ki he fakaʻaliʻalí ʻa e Kāingalotu naʻe laka hake ʻi he toko fitu afe mei he Vahefonua ‘Iutaá mo e fakaʻamu ke nau fakafofonga‘i atu ʻa ‘enau tōʻonga mo‘ui fakalotu mo fakakoló, tokoni ke ikunaʻi ‘a e filifilimānakó, mo feinga ke fakalotoʻi ke hoko ʻa ʻIutā ko e siteiti tauʻatāina.¹ Naʻe hoko ʻenau kau atu ki he ngaahi polokalama kehekehe ʻo e fakaʻaliʻalí ke fakahikihikiʻi ai kinautolu ʻe he kau mamatá, maʻu ʻa e ngaahi pale ʻi he fakaʻaliʻalí, mo e ongoongo lelei lolotonga ha taimi ʻo e fakafepaki ki he Kāingalotú, ʻa ia naʻa nau tukupā ʻi he taʻu pē ʻe tolu kimuʻá ke fakangata ʻa hono fakahoko ʻo e mali tokolahí.² Ko e talamonū naʻa nau maʻú naʻá ne fakaloto‘i ʻa e kau taki mo e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ke fakatupulaki ʻa ʻenau ngaahi ngāue fetuʻutaki mo e kakaí mo fakamālohia ʻa e ngaahi vā fengāueʻaki ʻi loto ʻi he sōsaietí fakalūkufua.³

‘I he taʻu ‘e ua kimuʻa ‘i he fakaʻali‘alí, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he Fale Alea Fakavahefonua ʻo ‘Iutaá ʻa e fakatau tuki mei he Fakaʻaliʻalí ke fokotuʻu ha “Fale ʻo ʻIutā” ʻi he kelekele ʻe fakahoko ai ʻa e fakaʻaliʻalí pea fakahoko ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali pē ʻaʻana. Na‘e fili ʻe he fale aleá ha komisioni ʻa ia naʻá ne palani ʻa e falé mo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻo fakahāhā ai ʻa e ngoue ʻo ʻIutaá, ngaahi keliʻanga maka koloá, ngaahi koloa ne faʻú, ʻū tā fakatātā, saienisi ʻo e ngaahi kolo ʻo e kuonga muʻá, akó, mo e ngāue ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné.⁴

Ko ha ʻata ʻo kinautolu naʻe kau atu ki he fakaʻaliʻalí ʻoku nau haʻohaʻo takai ʻi he maka fakamanatu ʻo Pilikihami ʻIongí ʻi muʻa ʻi he Fale ʻo ʻIutaá ʻi he Fakaʻaliʻali ʻa Māmaní ʻi he 1893.

Tānaki atu ki he ngaahi faka‘aliʻalí, naʻe kau atu ʻa e Kāingalotú ki ha ngaahi polokalama konifelenisi mo e ngaahi feʻauhi. Naʻe kau atu ʻa e kau taki mei he Fine‘ofá, Kautaha Fakalakalaka ʻa e Mutuale ʻo e Kau Fafine Kei Īkí, mo e Kautaha ʻa e Palaimelí ki he World’s Congress of Representative Women (Fale Alea Fakafofonga Kakai Fefine ʻa Māmaní), ʻa ia ne nau fetaulaki ai ʻi he konifelenisí mo e ngaahi kautaha mahuʻinga ʻa e kakai fefiné, kau ai ʻa e National Council of Women of the United States (Kosilio Fakafonua ʻa e Kakai Fefine ‘o e ʻIunaiteti Siteití).⁵ Hili ha fakataha ʻe taha, naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kau taki ne nau taukaveʻi e totonu ke fili ʻa e kakai fefiné ha ngaahi lea fakafoʻituitui ʻo fakahikihiki‘i ʻa e ngāue ‘a e kakai fefine ʻo e Siasí pea hoko ai mo hono fili ʻo ʻEmeline B. Uele, ko e sekelitali lahi ‘o e Fineʻofá mo e ‘ētita ʻo e Woman‘s Exponent, ko ha taha ʻi he ongo palesiteni fakalāngilangi ʻo e fakatahaʻangá.⁶ Naʻe fakatupulaki ʻe Uele mo e kakai fefine kehe ʻo e Siasí ʻa e ngaahi vā tuʻuloa mo e kau taki fefine kehé.

Na‘e fakaafeʻi ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekalé ke kau ki ha feʻauhi ʻa e ngaahi kuaea ‘iloa, pea neongo naʻe tomuʻa veiveiua ʻa e talēkitá ʻĪvoni Sitīveni, naʻá ne fili ʻa e toko 250 mei he toko 400 ne nau pole ke hivá ke nau fakaʻaliʻali ʻi Sikākou.⁷ Naʻe fakataimitēpileʻi ʻe he kuaeá haʻanau ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali hiva ke fakahoko ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻi honau halanga lēlué koeʻuhi ke tānaki ha paʻanga ki heʻenau feʻaluʻakí mo e ngaahi nofoʻangá, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ia ko ha sīpinga ki he ngaahi koniseti ʻaʻahi takai naʻe muimui atu aí. Na‘e hivaʻi ‘e he Kuaeá ki ha kakai ʻe toko tahamano, ʻa e foʻi hiva ʻe tolu ʻi he feʻauhi leʻo tuifió, ʻa ia naʻe foaki ai kiate kinautolu ʻa e mētali siliva ki he pale fika uá. Na‘e fakahīkihikiʻi ‘e he ngaahi nusipepa fakaangá ʻa e hivá kae tautefito ki he taukei ʻo e fakahinohino ʻa Sitīvení mo e ongo fakapalōfesinale ʻo e kau hiva tātānaki kotoa ko ení. ʻI ha taimi nounou hili ʻa e feʻauhí, naʻe hiva ʻa e Kuaeá ʻi he kātoanga fakatapui ʻo e Liberty Bell (Fafangu ʻo e Tauʻatāiná) ʻi Sikākoú. Ko hono hivaʻi ʻe he Kuaeá ʻa e ngaahi himi fakafonuá naʻe fakavaʻe ai ʻa hono fuofua ongoongo ko e kulupu hiva mateakiʻi fonua lelei tahá.⁸

Ko e hiva ʻa e Kuaea Tāpanekalé ʻi Festival Hall, Sikākou, 1893.

Ko e taha ‘o e ngaahi meʻa lahi taha naʻe hokó ko e World’s Parliament of Religions (Fale Alea ʻo e Ngaahi Tui Fakalotu ʻa Māmaní), ko ha konifelenisi ʻa ia naʻá ne talitali ʻa e kau fakafofonga mei he ngaahi tui fakalotu tukufakaholo lalahi ʻe 10: Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, Hinituú, Putá, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Lotu Fakakalisitiané, mo e ʻIsilamí. Lolotonga hono pehē ʻe he konifelenisí ʻiate ia pē ʻokú ne fakakau kotoa mai ʻa e kolopé, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi kulupu tokolahi, kau ki ai ʻa e kau ʻAfilika ʻAmeliká, ʻAmelika Latiná, kau ʻInitia ʻo ʻAmeliká, mo e ngaahi puleʻanga kehe, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke loko fakafofongaʻi kinautolu, pea naʻe ʻikai fakakau ai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. Hili ha feinga mālohi ke fakaloto‘i, naʻe maʻu ʻe B.H. Lōpeti, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e kau Fitungofulú, ha fakaafe ke lea ka naʻe toe vaheʻi ia lolotonga ‘a e konifelenisí ki ha feituʻu siʻisiʻi ange.⁹ Hili hono fakaʻikaiʻi ‘e he kau fokotuʻutuʻú ʻa e kole ʻa Lōpeti ke lea ki he fakatahaʻanga lahí, na‘e fakafoki ai pē ʻe Lōpeti ʻa e fatongia leá. Neongo ia, naʻá ne kau atu mo ha kau mēmipa ʻo e kau Palesitenisī ‘Uluakí ki he ngaahi fakatahaʻangá mo fanongo mei ha kau taki fakalotu mei he funga ‘o e mamaní, ko e niʻihi ʻo kinautolu ko e fuofua taimi ia ke nau ʻilo ai ki honau ngaahi tukufakaholó. Ne mavahe ʻa Uilifooti Utalafi ko e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí, ko hono tokoni ko Siaosi Q. Kēnoní, mo e ni‘ihi kehe ne nau kau atú mei he Fale Aleá mo ha fakaʻapa‘apa lahi ange ki he ngaahi tui fakalotu ʻo e mamaní pea mo ha loto-houngaʻia ʻi he ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga naʻe faitatau ki he ngaahi akonaki ʻa Sīsū Kalaisí.¹⁰

ʻI he kotoa ʻo e fakaʻaliʻalí, naʻe fakafiefia‘i ʻe he Fale ʻo ʻIutaá ʻa e kau ʻa‘ahí pea maʻu mo e tokanga lelei ʻa e ngaahi kōmiti foaki palé mo e kautaha ongoongo lahi fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Ko e ngaahi lavame‘a ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻa ʻIutaá, ngaahi polokalama ʻo e konifelenisí, mo e ngaahi hiva ʻa e kuaeá naʻe hoko ʻo fakalotolahi mo vēkeveke ai ʻa kinautolu ʻo e Kāingalotu naʻe kau ki aí ke toe fakamālohia ʻa ʻenau ngaahi ngāue ki he vā mo e kakaí ʻi Sōleki Sití. Ne kamata ke lea ʻa e kau taki mo e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻo fekauʻaki mo ʻenau manumanumelieʻia ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga fakafāmili mo fakapuleʻanga ʻo e ngaahi kulupu fakalotu kehé. Naʻe hokohoko atu e kau atu ʻa e Siasí ki he Ngaahi Fakaʻaliʻali ʻa Māmaní kimui ange mo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali lalahi ki he senituli 21.¹¹

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

• Reid L. Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism: The Latter-day Saints and the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

• Reid L. Neilson, “Mormonism’s Blacksmith Orator: B. H. Roberts at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions,” Mormon Historical Studies, vol. 12, no. 1 (2011), 53–84.

• Edwin A. McDaniel, Utah at the World’s Columbian Exposition (Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Lithographing, 1894).

• Norman Bolotin mo Christine Laing, The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992).

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Utah, Women’s Suffrage, Tabernacle Choir, Emmeline B. Wells, B. H. Roberts

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Utah.

2. Vakai ki he Tefito: Manifesto.

3. Reid L. Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism: The Latter-day Saints and the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 7–8.

4. Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism, 60.

5. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Relief Society, Young Women Organizations, Primary, Retrenchment, Women’s Suffrage.

6. Vakai ki he Tefito: Emmeline B. Wells.

7. Vakai ki he Tefito: Tabernacle Choir.

8. Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism, 117–37.

9. Vakai ki he Tefito: B. H. Roberts.

10. Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism, 172; Reid L. Neilson, “Joseph Smith and Nineteenth-Century Mormon Mappings of Asian Religions,” in Reid L. Neilson and Terryl L. Givens, eds., Joseph Smith Jr.: Reappraisals after Two Centuries (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 216–20; vakai foki ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Wilford Woodruff, George Q. Cannon.

11. Vakai, Neilson, Exhibiting Mormonism; J. B. Haws, The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 23–25.