Ngaahi Nofoʻanga ʻo e Kau Paioniá

Lolotonga hono siofi ʻe ha kau politikale lahi ʻa e konga fonua lahi ʻo ʻAmelika Tokelaú mo e fakakaukau ki hono fakalahi ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe vakai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he tuʻunga malava ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ke fokotuʻu mo fakalahi ʻa Saioné.¹ ʻI he māhina ʻe fā kimuʻa pea pekia ʻa Siosefá, naʻá ne kole ki he Kōlomu ʻo e Kau ʻAposetolo ʻe Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá ke fekumi ki ha ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻi Kalefōnia mo ʻOlikoni, pea ʻamanaki atu ke malava ʻa e kāingalotú ʻo “langa ha kolo ʻi ha ʻaho ʻe taha” pea “ʻi ai mo ha [puleʻanga] maʻamautolu.”² Kimuʻa pea ʻi he hili hono fakapoongi ʻo Siosefa ʻi he 1844, naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e Fakataha Alēlea ʻo e Toko Nimangofulú ki ha ngaahi feituʻu nofoʻanga, pea faifai pea nau fili ki he ʻotu moʻunga ofi ki he Anovai Lahi Māsimá. Naʻe toe fakavavevave ange ʻenau ngaahi palaní ʻi he taʻu 1846 hili e vivili ʻa e kau taki fakapuleʻanga ʻo ʻIlinoisí ke mavahe ʻa e Kāingalotú mei Nāvū.³

ʻI loto ha taʻu ʻe hongofulu, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa ia naʻe tataki ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi ki he fakahihifó ha fale nofoʻanga lahi ʻi he Teleʻa Lahi Sōlekí mo e ngaahi tafatafaʻakí.⁴ ʻI he fuofua hū atu ʻa e Kāingalotú ki ha ʻēliá, ʻoku meimei ke nau fetaulaki mo ha ngaahi kolo kuo tomuʻa nofoʻi ʻe he Kakai Tuʻufonua ʻo ʻAmeliká. Neongo ʻenau ʻamanaki ki ha nofo melinó, naʻe faʻa faingataʻa honau vā fetuʻutaki mo e kakai Tuʻufonua ʻo ʻAmeliká, tautefito ki he founga kehekehe naʻe tokangaʻi ai ʻe he ongo kakaí ni e kelekelé mo e koloá pea fehangahangai ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi. ʻI he muimui ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi ha sīpinga lahi ange ʻo hono nofoʻi ha feituʻú, ne nau faʻa maʻu mo fakaʻaongaʻi e kelekele pē ʻoku nau fili ke nau nofoʻí. Naʻe hanga ʻe he tokolahi mo e liliu ʻe hono nofoʻi ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ha ʻēliá ʻo tuli e ngaahi kulupu Tuʻufonuá mei honau ʻapi tupuʻangá.⁵

ʻI he konga kimuʻa ʻo e 1860 tupú, naʻe muimui ha ngaahi kolo ʻe toko hongofulu mā ua ʻi he fakahā fakalaumālie mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki hono nofoʻi ʻo e kolo ʻi he vahaʻa Teleʻa ʻo e Anovai Peá ʻi he fakatokelaú mo Sangato Siaosi ʻi he fakatonga, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi loto ʻi he maile ʻe 300 (kilomita ʻe 480) ʻo Sōleki Siti.⁶ Lolotonga ʻa e palesitenisī ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi (1847-1877), naʻe mafola atu ʻa hono kolonia ʻo e ngaahi fonuá ki he ʻOseni Pasifikí, naʻe aʻu ai ki hono nofoʻi ʻo Seni Penatino, Kalefōnia, pea ki ha ngaahi founga fakaʻekonōmika mo e ngaahi misiona fakangāue kimuʻa ʻi he 1860. Neongo e kakā ʻa e kelekelé, tokakovi ʻa e halá, mo e siʻi ʻa e maʻuʻanga vaí ʻi he ngaahi nofoʻangá, naʻe nofomaʻu ha tokolahi ʻo e kakaí ʻi he ngaahi kolo paioniá ʻo tokolahi ange ʻi he 96,000 ʻi he taʻu 1870, pea naʻe ʻi ai ha siteiki ʻe 11 naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi ʻAitahō mo ʻIutā. ʻI he fakaʻosinga ʻo e senitulí, kuo fokotuʻu ʻe he Kāingalotú ha meimei kolo ʻe 500 ʻi he ʻOtu Moʻunga ʻi he Fakahihifó.⁷

Nofoʻanga ʻAitahō Folo, ʻi ʻAitahō fakafuofua mei he taʻu 1866–1906.

Naʻe ngata ʻa e kuonga ʻo e kau paioniá ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá ʻi he aʻu mai ʻa e halanga lēlue ʻi he 1869 mo e mafola ʻo e ngaahi halanga lēlue ʻi he fonuá.⁸ Naʻe hokohokoho atu ʻa hono nofoʻi ʻo e ngaahi feituʻú, ka neongo ia, naʻe ʻi ai ha kolonia ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi Mekisikou mo Kānata ʻi he 1880 tupú.⁹ ʻI he fakaʻosinga ʻo e senituli 19, naʻe hāhāmolofia hano toe nofoʻi foʻou ʻe he Kāingalotú ha feituʻu, pea naʻe nofotaha e tokanga ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi hono fakaleleiʻi ʻo e moʻui ʻi he lotú, fāmilí mo e kolo naʻa nau nofo aí.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Tokoni ʻa e Siasí

“Ko e Kolo ʻi he Feituʻu Faka-hihifó,” Ngaahi Akonaki ʻa e Kau Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí: Pilikihami ʻIongi (1997), 101–10.

Leonard J. Arrington, “Colonizing the Great Basin,” Ensign, Feb. 1980, 18–22.

Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomai ʻe he pulusinga ko ʻení ha toe fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau fakamoʻoniʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Richard H. Jackson, “Intermountain Colonization, 1847–1899,” in Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 96–97.

Richard H. Jackson, “Geography and Settlement in the Intermountain West: Creating an American Mecca,” Journal of the West, vol. 33, no. 3 (July 1994), 22–34.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻaki: Colonies in Mexico, Salt Lake Valley, Utah, Zion/New Jerusalem

Ngaahi Fakamatalá

1. Vakai ki he Tefito: Zion/New Jerusalem.

2. Naʻe fakakaukauʻi lahi ha ngaahi feituʻu kehe pea aʻu pē ʻo vakaiʻi ʻo kau ai ʻa Tekisisi. Jedediah S. Rogers, “The Council of Fifty in Western History,” in Matthew J. Grow and R. Eric Smith, eds., The Council of Fifty: What the Records Reveal about Mormon History (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, 2017), 168–69; “The Council of Fifty in Nauvoo, Illinois,” in Introduction to Administrative Records: Volume 1, josephsmithpapers.org. Vakai foki ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Council of Fifty.

3. Vakai ki he Tefito: Departure from Nauvoo.

4. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Pioneer Trek, Brigham Young, Salt Lake Valley, Utah.

5. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: American Indians, Indian Slavery and Indentured Servitude, Sagwitch.

6. Richard H. Jackson, “Intermountain Colonization, 1847–1899,” in Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 96–97.

7. Vakai ki he Ngaahi Tefito: Emigration, Cooperative Movement, United Orders. Vakai foki ki he Richard H. Jackson, “Utah’s Harsh Lands, Hearth of Greatness,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 1 (Winter 1981), 4–25; Richard H. Jackson, “Geography and Settlement in the Intermountain West: Creating an American Mecca,” Journal of the West, vol. 33, no. 3 (Jul. 1994), 22–34; Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism, 96, 120.

8. Vakai ki he Tefito: Railroad.

9. Vakai ki he Tefito: Colonies in Mexico.