Ko e Saienisí mo ʻEtau Fekumi ki he Moʻoní
ʻOku nofo ʻa e taha naʻá ne faʻú ʻi ʻIutā, USA.
ʻOku totonu ke ʻoua ʻe loto-hohaʻa ʻo ka ngali tō kehekehe hoʻo mahino ʻi he ongoongoleleí mo e meʻa ʻokú ke ako ʻi he saienisí.
Te ke lava nai ʻo fakakaukauloto ki haʻo ʻalu ki ha toketā ki he kilí ko e lahi ʻa e fuofuá pea talaatu ko e faitoʻó ke toʻo ha konga ho totó? ʻE ongo ngali fakavalevale ia kiate koe, ka ne mei faingofua pē ke tui ki ai ʻi he ngaahi senituli kuohilí. ʻI he kuonga muʻá, naʻe hoko e toʻo totó ko ha faitoʻo angamaheni ki ha meimei faʻahinga mahaki fakafaitoʻo pē, ʻo kau ai e hakevelá, fahá, pea aʻu pē ki he fuofua ʻo e matá. Naʻe ʻikai ke fakafehuʻia ia ʻe ha taha. Ko e hā ka nau ka fakafehuʻia aí? Hili ko iá, kuo lau afeʻi taʻu hono ngāue ʻaki e toʻo totó ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe.
Naʻe toki fakafehuʻia e foungá ni ʻi he taimi naʻe kamata ai hono fakakaukauʻi e faitoʻó mei he tafaʻaki fakasaienisí. ʻI he taimi naʻe toki vakaiʻi fakalelei ai e toʻo totó, naʻe taʻofi leva ʻe he kau toketaá hono fakaʻaongaʻí tukukehe pē ʻi ha tuʻunga fakafaitoʻo pau.1
ʻOku tau vakai mei he sīpinga fakahisitōlia ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻuhinga hono tali fakamāmani lahi ʻo ha meʻa pe fuoloa hono ngāue ʻaki maí pea moʻoni ia. Pea ʻoku tau ʻilo heni ʻe lava ke hoko e saienisí ko ha meʻangāue lelei ia ki hono ʻiloʻi e moʻoní.
Ko ha meʻa mahuʻinga ia ki he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. ʻOku ʻikai ngata pē ʻi hono ʻomi ʻe he ʻiloʻi e moʻoní ha makatuʻunga lelei ange ki hono fakahoko ha fakakaukaú (“Mālō pē ka he ʻikai toʻo hoku totó he ʻahó ni!”), ka ʻokú ne toe fakalahi foki ʻetau mahino ki he ongoongoleleí. Hangē ko ia ne akoʻi ʻe Palesiteni Pilikihami ʻIongí (1801–77), “ʻOku ʻikai mo ha toe moʻoni ka ko e moʻoni ʻo e Ongoongoleleí. … Kapau te mou maʻu ha faʻahinga moʻoni ʻi he langí [pe] māmani, … ko ʻemau tokāteliné ia.”2
Ko e Fehangahangai ʻa e ʻUhingá mo e Foungá
Ko e moʻoni, ko e taimi ʻoku tau talanoa ai kau ki he founga ʻoku tokoni ai ʻa e saienisí ki he ngaahi moʻoni ʻoku tau ʻiló, kuo pau ke tau fakapapauʻi ʻoku mahino ʻa e faʻahinga moʻoni ʻe lava ke ʻilo mei he saienisí—mo ia he ʻikai lava ke ʻiló. Ko e founga ʻe taha ko hono ʻeke pe ko e hā e ngaahi fehuʻi ʻe lava pe ʻikai lava ʻe he saienisí ʻo talí.
ʻOku fakamatala ia ʻe Sisitā ʻĒleni Malekamu, ʻa ia naʻe ako ki he huʻi kemikalé ʻi he ʻInisititiuti Lenisela Politekinikí ʻi he foungá ni: “ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he saienisí ʻa e foungá. Ka ʻoku ʻikai te ne lava ʻo fakamatalaʻi e ʻuhinga ʻoku hoko ai iá.” ʻOkú ne pehē ko e tui fakalotú ʻokú ne fakamatalaʻi e ʻuhingá, hangē ko e ʻuhinga naʻe fakatupu ai e māmaní mo e ʻuhinga naʻe ʻomi ai kitautolu ki hení.
Naʻe tui foki mo e tokotaha fīsiki ʻiloa ko ʻAlipate ʻAinisitainí ʻoku kehekehe pea toe fengāueʻaki pē ʻa e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻa e tui fakalotú mo e saienisí.
Naʻá ne tohi ʻo pehē, “ʻOku lava pē ʻe he saienisí ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ʻi aí, kae ʻikai ko e meʻa ʻoku totonu ke hokó.” “Mavahe mei he ʻātakai [ʻo e saienisí], oku kei fie maʻu pē ke fakahoko ha ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni kehekehe ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui ʻoku ʻikai fakaʻaongaʻi ai e saienisí.”3
Ko e hā ʻene ʻuhinga ia ki he Kāingalotú? ʻUluakí, ʻoku tau ʻiloʻi pē ʻe feliliuaki ʻa e ʻilo fakasaienisí. Koeʻuhí ʻoku feinga e saienisí ke maʻu ha ngaahi founga lelei ange ke mahino ʻa e “founga” ʻoku ngāue ai e māmaní. ʻI hono ʻiloʻi iá, ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ke tau fekumi ʻi he ngaahi fakatotolo fakasaienisi fakamuimui tahá ke mahino e ngaahi “ʻuhingá” pe ngaahi fatongia ʻoku “totonu” ke tau faí. Te tau lava ʻo fakafalala ki he ongoongolelei taʻefeliliuaki ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí ke ne tokoniʻi kitautolu ke tau fili ʻi he leleí pe koví.
ʻOku Nau Fenāpasi Kotoa
Naʻe fakamatala ʻa Palesiteni Lāsolo M. Nalesoni ko e Palesiteni ʻo e Kōlomu ʻo e Kau ʻAposetolo ʻe Toko Hongofulu Mā Uá pea ko ha toketā tafa mafu ʻiloa, kau ki he founga ʻoku fenāpasi ai e tui fakalotú mo e saienisí.
Naʻá ne pehē, “ʻOku ʻikai fehangahangai ʻa e saienisí mo e tui fakalotú.” “ʻOku tupu pē e fehangahangaí mei he taʻeʻilo kakato ki he saienisí pe tui fakalotú, pe fakatouʻosi pē. … Tatau ai pē pe ʻoku maʻu ʻa e moʻoní ʻi ha loto loki fakatotolo fakasaienisi (laboratory), pe fou mai ʻi ha fakahā mei he ʻEikí, ʻokú na fenāpasi pē.”4
Ko ia kapau ne ʻi ai haʻo ngaahi fehuʻi ʻo kau ki he founga ʻoku fenāpasi ai e ngaahi meʻa kuó ke ako ʻi he kalasi saienisí mo e ongoongoleleí, hangē ko e taʻu motuʻa ʻo e māmaní pe ngaahi tainasoá pe founga tupu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa moʻuí (evolution), ʻoku lelei ia! ʻOku nau fenāpasi kotoa pē, ka ʻoku kei lahi pē ha ngaahi fehuʻí he ʻoku kei lahi pē meʻa ʻoku tau kei akó. Naʻe pehē ʻe Misa Palaieni Tāuni, ko ha mataotao huʻi vai (phramacist) ʻi Kiupeki, Kānata, ʻokú ne ʻamanaki atu ki ha taimi ʻe fakahā mai ai e meʻa kotoa kiate kitautolu (vakai, T&F 101:32–34).
ʻOkú ne pehē, lolotonga iá, “ʻoku fakangatangata pē e malava ko ia ke mahino ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lilo kotoa ʻo hotau ʻātakai ʻi he māmaní ʻi he ngaahi ngāue fakasaienisí.” “ʻI he meʻa tatau, ʻoku fakangatangata ʻetau mahino ki he ngaahi meʻa lilo ʻa e ʻOtuá pea mo ʻEne palani maʻongoʻonga maʻa ʻEne fānaú.”
ʻOku ʻikai fie maʻu ke fai ha hohaʻa ʻo ka ngali tō kehekehe hoʻo mahino ʻi he ongoongoleleí mo e meʻa ʻokú ke ako ʻi he saienisí. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa ʻoku fakahaaʻi atu ʻe he saienisí te ne lava ʻo fakahalaʻi hoʻo tuí.
Ko ia kapau ʻokú ke saiʻia ʻi he saienisí, ako e meʻa kotoa pē te ke ala lavá kau ki he tafaʻaki ʻokú ke saiʻia aí! ʻE lava foki ke ʻoatu ʻe he tuí ha tokoni. ʻOku pehē ʻe Misa Lisiate Katinā, ko ha tokoni palōfesa paiolosī ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Veisinia Sauté, kuo faitokonia lahi ia ʻe heʻene tui ki he ongoongolelei ʻo Sīsū Kalaisí.
ʻOkú ne pehē, “Ko e taimi naʻe faingataʻa ai e fakatotoló, pea hangē ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa ʻe ʻaongá—ʻoku pehē pē e fakatotoló he taimi lahi—naʻe tokoniʻi au ʻe he fakakaukau ki he ngaahi tāpuaki ʻo e ongoongoleleí ke u ikunaʻi ia.”
ʻOku toe ongoʻi foki ʻe Misa Tāuni kuo tokoniʻi ia ʻe heʻene tuí ʻi heʻene ngāue ʻi he saienisí.
ʻOkú ne pehē, “Naʻá ku ngāue maʻu pē mo e tui ne ʻi ai e ʻuhinga pea mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻi he meʻa kotoa pea kapau te u fekumi fakamātoato ki ha fehuʻi, ʻe faifai pē pea fakahā mai ʻe he Tamai Hēvaní ʻa e talí kiate au.”
Fiefia ʻi he ʻIlo Fakasaienisí
ʻE toe lava foki ʻe heʻetau tui kia Kalaisi mo ʻEne ongoongoleleí ʻo tokoniʻi kitautolu ke tau loto fakatōkilalo mo tali e moʻoni ʻoku tau fekumi ki aí, ʻo tatau ai pē pe ʻoku fakasaienisi pe fakalaumālie.
ʻOku pehē ʻe Palōfesa Katinā, “ʻOku lahi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻi he saienisí ʻoku ʻikai te tau ʻilo ki ai, pea lahi mo e meʻa kau ki he ʻOtuá ʻoku teʻeki ke fakahā maí.” “Ko ia ʻoku mahuʻinga ke fakaʻatā hotau ʻatamaí ʻi he lahi e fakamatala te tau maʻú, pea ʻoua ʻe hohaʻa.”
Hangē ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻi ai ha niʻihi ko e ʻuhinga pē ʻenau tui ʻOtuá ko e ʻikai te nau ʻilo ha toe ʻuhinga lelei ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku nau mamata ki ai ʻi he māmaní. ʻOku ui ʻeni ko e tui ki ha “ʻOtua ka ʻoku hoko pē ko ha tali ki he ngaahi fehuʻi kuo teʻeki tali ʻe he saienisí,” pea ʻokú ne ʻai e kakaí ke hohaʻa ki he ngaahi ʻilo fakasaienisí. ʻOku ʻomi e Palōfesa Katinā ha sīpinga:
“ʻOku ʻi ai ha niʻihi kuo nau tui pē ki he ʻOtuá koeʻuhí ʻoku siʻi e ngaahi fakamoʻoni ʻo e tupuʻanga ʻo e tupulaki ʻa e moʻui ʻi he kuongamuʻá (ʻo ʻuhinga kiate kinautolu, ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻe he fakamatala ʻo e founga tupu mo feliliuaki ʻo e ngaahi meʻa moʻuí (evolution) ʻo fakamatalaʻi pe naʻe fēfē ʻetau aʻu mai ki he tuʻunga ko ʻení). Ka ko e hā ʻe hoko ki heʻetau tuí ʻi he taimi ʻe ʻomi ai ʻe ha fakamoʻoni fakatuʻasino ha ngaahi tali? Ka ʻoku fie maʻu ke tau maʻu ha fakamoʻoni ki he ʻOtuá ʻo fakafou ʻi he Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní, pea lava leva ke tau fiefia ʻi ha faʻahinga ʻilo fakasaienisi pē kae ʻikai hohaʻa ki ai.”
ʻI heʻetau fakahoko ení, manatuʻi ʻe lava ke tokoni e saienisí mo e tui fakalotú fakatouʻosi ki heʻetau fekumi ki he moʻoní, pea ko e aofangatukú, ko e moʻoni kotoa ko iá ʻoku mei he tupuʻanga tatau: ko e ʻOtuá.
ʻOku pehē ʻe Palōfesa Katinā, “ʻOku lava ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻo fakahā mai ha meʻa pē te Ne finangalo ki ai, kau ai e ngaahi moʻoniʻi meʻa fakasaienisi kotoa pē.” “Pea kuó Ne fakamaama ha kau saienisí, kau tangata ʻilo foʻou, mo e kau ʻenisinia—ka ʻoku ʻikai ke Ne ʻoange kotoa ʻa e ngaahi talí kiate kinautolu. ʻOkú Ne fie maʻu kinautolu, mo kitautolu, ke tau fakaʻaongaʻi hotau ʻatamaí, ko ia ʻokú Ne tuku ke tau fekumi ʻi he saienisí, pea ko ʻEne ngaahi fakahā ki he Siasí ʻoku fekauʻaki ia mo e founga hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e Siasí, kae tautautefito ki he founga te tau lava ai ʻo haʻu kia Kalaisi pea fakahaofi kitautolú.
“ʻE lava ke Ne fakahā fakatāutaha kiate kitautolu ha meʻa fekauʻaki mo ha kaveinga pē, kae tautautefito ke tau ʻiloʻi ʻokú Ne moʻui pea ʻofa ʻiate kitautolu, pea naʻe kamata ʻe Kalaisi ʻa e palani ʻo e fakamoʻuí, pea ʻoku tau maʻu ha palōfita moʻui ke ʻahó ni, pea ʻoku lava ke tau muimui ki he palani ʻa e ʻOtuá, pea ʻoku feʻunga ke tau fai ia.”