Ko e Fanongonongo fekauʻaki mo e Fāmilí: Mahulu Hake ʻi he Puputuʻu ʻo e Taufatungamotuʻá
Ko e ʻuluaki ʻeni ʻo ha ongo fakamatala ʻe ua naʻe teuteuʻi ʻe ʻEletā Hafen ke tokoni ki hono fakamanatua ʻo e taʻu ʻe 20 ʻo e “Ko e Fāmilí: ko Ha Fanongonongo ki Māmaní.” ʻE pulusi atu ʻa e fakamatala hono uá ʻi he makasini Liahona ko ia ʻo Sepitema 2015.
Toʻo mei ha lea ko e, “Marriage, Family Law, and the Temple,” ne fai ʻi he J. Reuben Clark Law Society Annual Fireside ʻi Salt Lake City ʻi Sānuali 31, 2014.
ʻOku hangē ʻa e ngaahi tukupā tuʻumaʻu ki he nofomalí mo e tuʻunga fakaemātuʻá ha ongo feʻunu pau ʻi he kupesi hotau fala fakasōsialé.
Ne fehuʻi ʻe ha faiongoongo nusipepa kia Palesiteni Kōtoni B. Hingikelī (1910–2008) ʻi Sune ʻo e 1995, kimuʻa siʻi pea hokosia hono taʻu 85, “Ko e hā e ngaahi meʻa ʻokú ke tokanga lahi taha ki aí?” Naʻá ne tali mai: “ʻOku ou tokanga lahi ki he moʻui fakafāmilí ʻi he Siasí. ʻOku tau maʻu ha kakai lelei, ka ʻoku fuʻu tokolahi fau ʻa kinautolu ʻoku movetevete honau fāmilí. … ʻOku ou tui ko [ʻeni] ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ou mātuʻaki tokanga taha ki aí.”1
Hili ha māhina ʻe tolu mei ai, ne lau ai ʻe Palesiteni Hingikelī ki he kakaí ʻa e “Ko e Fāmilí: Ko Ha Fanongonongo ki Māmaní.”2
Naʻe ʻikai tupukoso pē ʻa e fanongonongo molumalu ko ʻeni ne fakahā tonu mai ʻi he taimi naʻe ongoʻi ai ʻe he palōfita ʻa e ʻEikí, ko e meʻa ne hohaʻa lahi taha ki ai ʻi he ngaahi kaveinga kotoa ʻi heʻene fakakaukaú ko e tuʻunga taʻepau ʻo e moʻui fakafāmilí ʻi he Siasí. Naʻá ne toe pehē kimui ange ko e pole lahi taha ʻoku fakatou fehangahangai mo ʻAmelika mo e toenga ʻo e māmaní, “ko e palopalema ʻo e fāmilí, ʻoku fakatupunga ʻe ha mātuʻa kuo takihalaʻi pea tupu ai hono takihalaʻi e fānaú.”3
Ko e fanongonongó naʻe ʻikai ko ha tātānaki pē ʻo ha ngaahi taukave fakafāmili. Ko ha fakatokanga mafatukituki fakapalōfita ia fekauʻaki mo ha palopalema lahi fakavahaʻapuleʻanga. Pea ko ʻeni, ko e taʻu ʻeni ʻe 20 mei ai, ʻoku fakautuutu ke kovi ange ʻa e palopalemá, ʻoku hā mai ai ʻa e natula fakaepalōfita ʻo e fakatokanga naʻe fai ʻi he 1995.
Kimuʻa pea tau vakavakai pe ko e hā hono ʻuhinga kiate kitautolú, tau fakakaukau ki he founga ne iku ai ʻa e ʻulungaanga fakafonua fakaonopōní ki he tuʻunga ʻoku ʻi ai he ʻahó ní.
Talanoa Fakamāmani Lahi ʻo e ʻOfá
ʻOku ʻi ai e fokotuʻutuʻu angamaheni ʻo e talanoa motuʻa taha ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá: ko e fetaulaki e tamasiʻi mo e taʻahine, na feʻofaʻaki, mali, maʻu e fānau, pea—ʻamanaki lelei—mo nofo fiefia ʻo lauikuonga. ʻOku kaunga tonu ʻa e talanoa fakamāmani lahi ko ia ʻo e ʻofá ki he palani lahi ʻo e fiefiá ʻa ia naʻe kamata ʻia ʻĀtama mo ʻIvi, pea ki he kāingalotu tokolahi ʻo e Siasí, ʻokú ne kei tataki ʻetau moʻuí ʻo hangē ko e Fetuʻu Noaté.
ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he fiefia fakaetangatá mo e kau ki ha fāmilí ha ʻamanaki lelei, taumuʻa mo ha holi ke moʻui lelei ange. ʻOkú na ngaohi kitautolu ke fakatuʻamelie ki ha ʻaho te tau fepūkenima ai mo kinautolu ne nau pukepuke hotau nimá ʻo hū fakataha atu ki he ʻafioʻanga ʻo e ʻEikí. Te tau talitali ai hotau ngaahi ʻofaʻangá pea nofo mo kinautolu maʻu ai pē, pea “ʻe ʻikai toe ʻalu atu ia” (Fakahā 3:12).
Kuo taʻu lahi hono poupouʻi ʻe he sosaietí e hohoi fakaenatula ko ʻeni ke kau ki ha fāmilí. Ko e moʻoni, naʻe ʻi ai ha ngaahi palopalema ʻa e ngaahi fāmilí, ka ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí ne kei tui ʻoku hanga ʻe he “haʻi” ʻo e nofomalí ʻo fokotuʻu ha ʻiuniti fakafāmili tuʻumaʻu. Pea ʻoku pukepuke fakataha ʻe he haʻi ko iá ʻa e faʻunga ʻo e sosaietí, ʻi he “taha honau lotó ʻi he uouongataha mo e feʻofoʻofani” (Mōsaia 18:21).
Ka kuo fakautuutu ʻi he ngaahi toʻu tangata kimui ní, e movete ʻa e faʻunga ko iá ʻo hangē kuo tau aʻusia e meʻa ʻoku ui he kau faʻu tohí “ko e holofa ʻa e nofomalí.”4 ʻOku tokolahi ha kakai ʻi tuʻa ʻi he Siasí ʻoku ʻikai ke nau toe tui ko e nofomalí ko ha kamataʻanga ʻo ha tukupā taimi lōloa. Ka kuo nau sio ʻeni ki he nofomalí kae pehē ki he maʻu fānaú ko ha ngaahi fili fakatāutaha fakataimi. Neongo iá, ʻoku hangē ʻa e ngaahi tukupā tuʻumaʻu ki he nofomalí mo e tuʻunga fakaemātuʻá ha ongo feʻunu pau ʻi he kupesi ʻo ʻetau fala fakasōsialé. ʻI he taimi ʻoku matanga ai e ongo feʻunú, ʻoku movete ʻa e falá pea mole ai meiate kitautolu ʻa e faʻunga ʻo e talanoa fakaʻuniveesi ʻo e ʻofá.
Kuó u mātā e movetevete ko ʻení mei he tafaʻaki ʻo ʻeku hoko ko ha tamai, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Siasí, mo ha faiako ʻo e fono ki he fāmilí. Ne kamata ʻi he 1960, hono fofoaʻi ʻe he kautaha ki he totonu fakapuleʻangá ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakalao foʻou fekauʻaki mo e potupotu tataú (equality), totonu fakafoʻituituí, mo e tauʻatāiná. Naʻe tokoni ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ko ʻení ke kamata liua ʻaki ʻe he ʻIunaiteti Siteití honau hisitōlia fakamā ʻo e laulanú. Ne nau tokoni foki ki he fonuá ke fakasiʻisiʻi hono fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻo e kakai fefiné. Ko e ngaahi maluʻi ko ʻeni mei he fakafaikehekeheʻí, ko e konga ia ʻo e ngaahi fie maʻu fakafoʻituitui ʻa e tangataʻi fonua takitaha.
Neongo iá, ʻoku ʻaonga e fakafaikehekeheʻi fakalao ʻe niʻihi. Hangē ko ʻení, ʻoku “fakafaikehekeheʻi” ʻe he laó ʻo fakapatonu ki he fānaú ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi honau taʻu motuʻá—ʻoku ʻikai lava ke nau fili, fakaʻuli ʻi ha kā, pe fakamoʻoni hingoa ʻi ha aleapau. Pea nau ako taʻetotongi ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu. ʻOku maluʻi ʻe he ngaahi lao ko ení ʻa e fānaú mo e sosaietí mei he nunuʻa ʻo e taʻe malava ko ia ʻa e fānaú ke teuteuʻi kinautolu ke nau hoko ko ha kakai lalahi fakapotopoto.
Kuo foaki foki ʻe he ngaahi laó ha tuʻunga monūʻia ki he ngaahi vā fetuʻutaki ʻoku makatuʻunga ʻi he nofomalí mo e kāingá—ke ʻoua naʻa nau fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻa e kakai tāutahá pe ʻikai kāingá, ka ke poupouʻi ʻa e ongomātuʻa totonú ke mali pea ke ohi hake ʻenau fānau lelei, ʻa ia ko e kī kinautolu ki he fakalakalaka ʻa e sosaietí. ʻOku fakahaaʻi mai ʻe he ngaahi lao ko iá ʻa e ngaahi tokanga fakasōsiale ʻa e sosaietí ki he longaʻi fānaú pea ki hono fakamālohia ʻi he kahaʻú mo hono hokohoko atú.
ʻI he hisitōliá, kuo tauhi ai ʻe he ngaahi laó ha tuʻunga hōhoatatau fakangāue ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi fie maʻu fakasōsialé mo e ngaahi lelei fakafoʻituituí koeʻuhí he ʻoku ʻi ai e fatongia mahuʻinga ʻo e kupu takitaha ʻi ha sosaieti longomoʻui. Ka neongo iá, ʻi he 1960 mo e 1970 tupú, ne fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakamaauʻanga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e ngaahi lao ki he fāmilí ʻi ha founga naʻá ne fakamuʻomuʻa ange e ngaahi lelei ʻa e fakafoʻutuituí ʻi he ngaahi lelei fakasōsialé, ʻo iku ke tuʻunga kehekehe ai ʻa e faʻunga fakalaó mo e faʻunga fakasōsialé. Naʻe hoko ʻa e liliu ko ʻení ko ha konga ia ʻe taha ʻo e liliu ʻo e lao ki he fāmilí ʻi ʻAmeliká—ko e liliu lahi taha ia ʻi he tōʻonga fakakaukau ʻo e anga fakafonuá ki he nofomalí mo e moʻui ʻa e fāmilí ʻi he taʻu ʻe 500 ka hokó. Te u fakamatalaʻi atu ʻa e liliu ko ʻení ʻaki ha ngaahi sīpinga mei he lao ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, neongo ʻoku meimei ke muimui atu he sīpinga tatau e ngaahi lao ʻo e ngaahi fonua langalanga haké.
Ko ha Liliu ʻo e Anga-fakafonuá
Ne kamata ke ngāue ʻaki ʻe he niʻihi ʻoku nau taukaveʻi (advocates) ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻo e tauʻatāina fakafoʻituituí, ke poleʻi ʻaki e ngaahi lao kuó ne poupouʻi fuoloa mai ʻa e ngaahi lelei ʻa e fānaú mo e sosaietí ʻi ha faʻunga ʻo ha fāmili mālohi. Ne tali ʻe he ngaahi fakamaauʻangá ia mo e kau faʻu laó ʻa e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi fakakaukau fakafoʻituitui ko ʻení, neongo ne hanga ʻe he ngaahi fakakaukaú ʻo maumauʻi e ngaahi lelei fakasōsiale ʻoku lahi angé. Hangē ko ʻení, ne fuofua fakaʻaongaʻi e vete-mali taʻe-ha-fehālaakí (no-fault divorce) ʻi Kalefōnia ʻi he 1968 pea mafola atu leva ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Ne liliu ʻaupito heni e anga e fakakaukau ʻa e kakaí fekauʻaki mo e nofomalí. ʻI he malumalu ʻo e ngaahi lao motuʻa ʻo e vetemalí, ne ʻikai lava ʻe he ngaahi hoa malí ke fakangata ʻenau nofomalí; kae ʻoua leva, kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ha ngāue kovi ʻa e hoá, ʻo hangē ko e tonó pe ngaohikoviá. ʻI he ngaahi ʻaho ko iá, ko ha fakamaau pē ʻokú ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lelei ʻa e sosaietí te ne lava ke fakafuofuaʻi e taimi ʻe feʻunga ai ke fakatonuhiaʻi ha vete-mali ʻo laka hake ʻi he lelei fakasōsiale ke hoko atu ʻa e nofomalí.
Hangē ko ia ne muʻaki fakatoká, naʻe ʻi ai ha ngaahi taumuʻa mahuʻinga ʻo e vetemali taʻe-ha-fehālaakí. Naʻe toe lahi ange ai e moveuveu ʻa e nofomalí, ʻo ʻikai mahuʻinga e foʻui fakatāutahá, ko ha tuʻunga ia ki ha vetemali—naʻá ne fakafaingofuaʻi ʻa e founga vetemalí. ʻI he tefitoʻi fakakaukaú, ko e fakamaaú pē, ʻa ē ʻokú ne kei fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lelei ʻa e sosaietí, te ne lava ke tuʻutuʻuni ʻoku ʻikai toe lava ʻo fakaleleiʻi ha nofomali. Ka ʻi hono fakahokó, ʻoku ofeʻi ia ʻe he kau fakamaau ʻo e fakamaauʻanga ki he fāmilí ki he fie maʻu fakatāutaha ʻa e ongo hoa-malí pea iku fakatauʻatāinaʻi ai ʻa e hoa ko ia naʻá ne fie maʻu ke fakangata e nofomalí.
Ne fakavaveʻi ʻe he ngaahi liliu fakalao ko ʻení ha liliu lahi ange ʻo ʻikai ke kei hoko ʻa e malí ko ha faʻunga fakasōsiale tuʻu maʻu kae fakataimi pē, vā fakatāutaha, fakangata ʻi he loto ki ai—taʻe ʻi ai ha fakakaukau fakamātoato ki he maumau ʻoku hoko ki he fānaú ʻi he vetemalí, kae pehē foki ki heʻene maumauʻi e sosaietí. Ne ʻikai fuoloa, kuo hanga ʻe he veiveiua ʻa e kau fakamāú fekauʻaki mo e totonu ko ia ʻa e sosaietí ke fusi aʻu e ngaahi fuakava ʻo e malí, ʻo ʻoange ʻa e maʻu hala ki he ongomeʻa malí ʻoku ʻikai mahuʻinga fakasōsiale pe fakaeangamaʻa ʻa ʻenau ngaahi palōmesi fakatāutahá. ʻI he taimi ní leva, ko e taimi koē ʻoku fepaki ʻa e ngaahi tukupā ʻo e nofomalí mo e ngaahi fie maʻu fakatāutahá, ʻe ngali ke mavahe leva ha tokolahi ia. ʻOku nau vakai ki he nofomalí ko ha “tukupā taʻehaʻisia,” pe ko e hā hano faʻahinga fakaʻuhinga ʻo e foʻi lea ko iá.
ʻI hono toe fakakaukauʻi e ngaahi tōʻonga fakakaukau ko ʻení, ne fakalahi ai ʻe he fakamaauʻangá ʻa e ngaahi totonu ʻa e ngaahi tamai teʻeki malí pea kamata ke ʻoange ʻa e ngaahi totonu ko ia ʻo e totonu ke tauhi mo ohi ha fānaú, ki ha niʻihi fakafoʻituitui taʻemali. Ne taʻaki fuʻu heni ʻa e fakakaukau tuʻuloa ko ia kuo fuoloa hono fokotuʻu ʻo foaki ʻe he lao ki he fāmilí, ki he niʻihi malí mo e fāmili ʻoku ʻi ai e ongomātuʻa totonú. Kuo fakahaaʻi mahino mai ʻe he ngaahi aʻusiá mo e fakatotolo saienisi fakasōsialé—pea ʻoku kei fakahaaʻi mai—ʻoku hoko maʻu pē ha fāmili ʻoku ʻulu ai e mātuʻa totonu, ʻosi malí ko e ʻātakai lelei taha ia ki hono ʻohake ʻo e fānaú. Ka ʻoku ʻalu pē taimí, mo e hanga ʻe he ngaahi palopalema ʻo e mātuʻa taʻemalí, ʻo fakalahi atu pea fakatupunga e mahiki vave ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e nonofo teʻeki malí mo e fāʻele tuʻutāmakí.
ʻIkai ngata aí, ʻi he 1973 ne foaki ai ʻe he Fakamaauʻanga Lahi ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e totonu ki he kakai fefine fakafoʻituituí ke nau fili ke fakatōtama, ʻo siʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi tui fakafonua fuoloa ko ia fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi fie maʻu fakasōsiale ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he fānau ʻoku kei feitamaʻí pea mo e kau faʻu lao kuo fili, ʻa ē kuo nau tuʻutuʻuni fakataha ai ʻa e fehuʻi mahuʻinga ko ia pe ko fē taimi ʻoku kamata ai ʻa e moʻuí.
ʻOku iku e talanoa ki he vetemali taʻe-ha-fehalākí, ki ha fakamatala nounou ki he mali pē e tangata mo e tangatá pea mo e fefine mo e fefiné. Kuo hoko ʻeni ko ha tefito faingataʻa mo fakamamahi ko ʻení, kae fakatokangaʻi ange ʻi he taʻu ʻe 17 kuo hilí, ne teʻeki ai ha fonua ʻe taha ʻi māmani te ne fakalaoʻi ʻa e mali pē tangata mo e tangatá pe fefine mo e fefiné. Naʻe founga fēfē nai ʻa e lava ke mafola fakavahaʻapuleʻanga atu ʻa e fakakaukau ko ʻeni ʻo e mali pē tangata mo e tangatá pe fefine mo e fefiné, tautautefito ki he mōlia lahi e fakakaukau fakahisitōlia ʻo e mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e kakaí ʻi he nofomalí ʻi he taʻu ʻe fā ngofulu kuohilí?
Ko e tali fakaofiofi pē ki aí he naʻe hoko e tefitoʻi fakakaukau ʻo e “tauʻatāina fakatāutahá” ʻi he fuofua feinga ʻa e kau poupou ki he mali e tangata mo e tangatá pe fefine mo e fefiné ʻi he 2001, ʻo ne fakalahi ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakatāutaha fakalao tatau kuó ne fakatupunga ʻa e vetemali taʻe-ha-fehālaakí. ʻI he taimi ʻoku poupouʻi ai ʻe ha fakamaauʻanga ha totonu ʻa ha taha fakafoʻituitui ke fakangata ha nofomali, ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā e ngaahi nunuʻa fakasōsialé (hangē ko ia ʻoku lava ke hoko ʻi he vetemali taʻe-ha-fehalākí), hangē ʻoku malava ʻe he tefitoʻi moʻoni ko iá ʻo poupouʻi ha totonu ʻa ha taha ke kamata ha nofomali, neongo pe ko e hā hono ngaahi nunuʻa fakasōsialé (hangē ko ia ʻoku lava ke hoko ʻi he mali pē tangata mo e tangatá pe fefine mo e fefiné).
ʻI hono toe fakalea ʻe tahá, ʻi he taimi ʻoku sio ai e kakaí ko ha fili fakatāutaha pē nofomali ʻa e tangatá mo e fefiné kae ʻikai ko ha faʻunga mahuʻinga fakasōsiale ʻo e sosaietí, ʻe pehē leva ʻe he niʻihi tokolahi ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fuʻu loko meʻa e mali pē ʻa e tangata mo e tangatá pe fefine mo e fefiné—tuku pē ki he niʻihi fakafoʻituituí ke mali ʻo fakatatau mo ʻene filí. Ko e meʻa ia ʻe lava ke hoko ʻi he taimi ʻoku tau hē ai mei he tokanga ko ia ʻa e sosaietí ki he nofomalí mo e fānaú. ʻOku hā mahino ʻa e ʻofa ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi Heʻene fānaú kotoa pea ʻamanaki mai te tau fai manavaʻofa ki he tokotaha kotoa pē mo anga faʻa kātaki—ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā e angafai fakatāutaha ʻoku tau lava pe ʻikai lava ʻo mahino. Ka ko ha meʻa kehe ʻaupito ia ke fakaongoongoleleiʻi pe tuʻuaki ʻa e angafai ko iá ʻaki hono liliu ha fakakaukau fakalao—ʻa e nofomalí—ʻa ē naʻe fatu hono taumuʻá talu mei muʻa ke poupouʻi ʻa e fie maʻu ʻa e sosaietí ʻi hono tuku ki he ngaahi mātuʻa totonú ke nau ohi hake ʻenau fānaú ʻi ha ngaahi ʻapi paú.
ʻI he taimi ne tuʻutuʻuni ai e Fakamaau Lahi ʻa ʻAmeliká he ʻaho 25 ʻo Sune 2015, ne nau fakafalala pē kinautolu ki heʻenau fakakaukau fakatāutahá, kau ai mo ha ngaahi fakakaukau fakalao kehe, ke ʻoua naʻa hanga ʻe he ngaahi lao ʻo e ngaahi siteití ʻo “taʻofi e mali ʻa ha ongo tangata pe ongo fefine.” Kaekehe, kuo fakalao he taimí ni ʻi he siteiti kotoa ʻo ʻAmelika ia e mali fakahomosekisualé.
Ka ʻoku mahuʻinga hono hanga ʻe he konga lahi e tala tuʻutuʻuni ʻa e fakamaauʻangá ʻo “fakamamafaʻi mai ko e ngaahi tui fakalotú mo kinautolu ʻoku nau muimui ki ha ngaahi tokāteline fakalotú, te nau lava ʻo kei hokohoko atu pē hono taukapoʻi ʻi he loto fakapapauʻi moʻoni, ʻa e ngaahi akonaki fakalangi ko ia ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke poupouʻi e mali ʻa ha tangata mo ha tangata pe fefine mo ha fefiné. ʻOku fakapapauʻi mai ʻe he First Amendment, ʻoku maluʻi lelei ʻa e ngaahi kautaha fakalotú mo e kakai tui fakalotú ʻi heʻenau feinga ke akoʻi e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻoku fakatupulakí mo uho ʻaki ʻenau moʻuí mo ʻenau tuí, pea ʻoku nau feinga mālohi ke hokohoko atu e faʻunga fāmili kuo fuoloa taʻu ʻenau mateakiʻí. ʻOku tatau pē ia kiate kinautolu ʻoku nau fakafepakiʻi e mali fakahomosekisualé ʻi ha ngaahi ʻuhinga kehe.”5
Uesia ʻOku hā ʻi he Nofomalí mo e Fānaú
Fakakaukau angé ki he uesia ʻe he ngaahi liliu ko ʻení ʻa e nofomalí mo e fānaú. Talu mei he 1965 kuo laka hake he liunga uá ʻa e vetemalí ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, neongo ne kiʻi holo mai ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu kimui ní—koeʻuhí pē kuo tupu fakautuutu e tokolahi ia ʻo e ngaahi hoa teʻeki malí ʻo meimei liunga 15, pea ʻoku ʻikai fakakau ʻenau toutou māvaé ʻi he fika ʻo e vetemalí. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e vaeua nai ʻo e fuofua malí ʻoku iku ki he vetemalí; kae fakafuofua ki he peseti ʻe 60 ʻo e ngaahi mali tuʻo uá ʻoku iku pehē. Ko e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e fonua ʻoku lahi taha ai e vetemalí.6
ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e peseti ʻe 40 ʻo e fāʻele ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻoku fāʻeleʻi ki ha mātuʻa teʻeki mali. ʻI he 1960 naʻe peseti ʻe 5 ʻa e fika ko iá.7 ʻOku fakafuofua ki he peseti ʻe 50 ʻo e toʻu tupú he ngaahi ʻaho ní ʻoku nau fakakaukau ko e fāʻele tuʻutāmakí ko ha “tōʻonga moʻui ʻoku lelei pē”8 Ko e peseti ʻo e fānau ʻi he ngaahi fāmili tāutahá talu mei he 1960 kuo tupulaki ʻo liunga fā, mei he peseti ʻe 8 ki he peseti ʻe 31.9 ʻOku laka hake ʻi he vaheua ʻe taha ʻo e nofomalí ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití he ngaahi ʻaho ni ne tomuʻa kamata ʻaki ʻa e nonofo teʻeki mali.10 Ko e meʻa ko ia naʻe ʻikai angamaheni ki ai ʻi he 1960 kuo hoko ia ko e meʻa angamaheni foʻoú.
ʻI ʻIulopé, ko e peseti ʻe 80 ʻo e kakaí he taimi ní ʻoku nau poupouʻi ʻa e nonofo teʻeki malí. ʻI ha ngaahi feituʻu ʻo Sikenitinēvia, ko e peseti ʻe 82 ʻo e ʻuluaki fānaú ʻoku fāʻeleʻi tuʻutāmaki.11 ʻI he taimi ne mau nofo ai ʻi Siamane kimuí ni maí, ne mau ongoʻi pē ʻi he ngaahi founga lahi, ʻoku ʻikai toe mahuʻinga ʻa e nofomalí ia ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻi ʻIulopé. Hangē ko hono tohi ʻe ha tokotaha faʻu tohi Falanisē, ko e nofomalí kuo “mōlia hono fakaʻofoʻofa ki he toʻu tupú,” he kuo nau ongoʻi ʻe kinautolu ko e “ʻofá ko ha meʻa fakatāutaha mahuʻinga ʻokú ne taʻofi” e sosaietí mei haʻanau lea noa mai ʻo kau ki heʻenau nofomalí pe ko ʻenau fānaú.12
Ka neongo iá, ʻoku meimei liunga tolu hono maʻu ʻe he fānau ko ia ʻa e ngaahi mātuʻa vetemalí pe teʻeki malí ha ngaahi palopalema lahi fakaeʻulungaanga, fakaeloto, mo fakalakalaka ʻi he fānau ko ia mei he fāmili ʻoku ʻi ai e tamai mo e faʻeé. ʻI hono fua ko ia ʻo e lelei ʻa e fānaú, ʻoku kovi ange ʻa e fānau ko ení. Pea ʻi he taimi ʻoku uesia ai e fānaú, ʻoku uesia ai ʻa e sosaietí. Ko ha ngaahi sīpinga ʻeni ʻo e uesia ko iá, fakatokangaʻi ange ʻoku ʻi ai e ngaahi meʻa ʻi he ngaahi ākengá fakalūkufua ʻoku ala lahi hono ngaahi tupuʻangá. ʻI he taʻu ʻe nimangofulu kuo hilí:
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Kuo liunga ono e faihia ʻa e fānaú.
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Kuo liunga nima hono liʻaki e fānaú mo e ngaahi founga kotoa ʻo hono ngaohikovia e fānaú.
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Kuo toe kovi ange ʻa e ngaahi faingatāʻia fakaʻatamai kotoa ʻa e fānaú, mei he ngāue hala ʻaki e faitoʻo konatapú ki he fetōʻaki e maʻu meʻatokoní; kuo tupulaki e loto-mafasia ʻa e fānaú ʻaki e peseti ʻe 1,000.
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Kuo tupulaki hono fakamamahiʻi e kakai fefiné ʻi ʻapí, pea kuo fakautuutu e ngaʻunu ʻa e masivá ki he fānaú.13
ʻOku mamafa fēfē ʻa e ngaahi palopalema ko ʻení? Hangē ko ia ne lea ʻaki ʻe Palesiteni Hingikelī ʻi he 1995, ko ʻene “hohaʻa lahi tahá” ʻa e ngaahi palopalema ko ʻení. Pea ko e ngaahi ākenga ko ia naʻá ne fakahohaʻasi iá kuo toe kovi ange ia he taimí ni. Hangē ko hano fakamatalaʻi ʻe ha tokotaha faʻu tohi ʻi he makasini Time:
“ʻOku ʻikai ha mālohi pē ʻe taha te ne fakatupunga ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻa mo e mamahi ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻi he fonuá ni ka ko e holofa ʻa e nofomalí. ʻOkú ne fakamamahiʻi e fānaú, ʻokú ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga malu fakapaʻanga ʻa e faʻeé, pea ʻokú ne ʻohifo ia ʻo tautautefito kiate kinautolu ʻoku ʻikai ke nau malava ʻo kātakiʻí: ʻa e kau masiva ʻangoʻango ʻo e fonuá. …
“Kuo [vaetuʻua] ʻe he masivá ʻa e tuʻunga fakaemātuʻá mei he nofomalí, pea ko e kau maʻumeʻá ʻoku [takitaha maʻana] ʻena feohi [fakaekinauá] kapau ʻoku ʻikai [ke na] toe maʻu ha fiefia.”14
Liliu ʻo Hotau Lotó
Toʻohemá: tā fakatātaaʻi ʻo e ʻatá ʻe Janae Bingham
ʻOku hoʻata mei he ngahomohomo ʻa e feʻunu koula ʻi he fala fakasōsiale ʻoku moveté, ʻa e uho ʻo e palopalemá: ʻa e fānaú—ko e hui ʻo hotau ngaahi huí, kakano ʻo hotau kakanó. Ko ha meʻa moʻoni, mo māʻoniʻoni, fekauʻaki mo e hakó—ʻa e fānaú mo e mālohi ʻo e fakatupú mo e ngaahi haʻi taʻengata ʻo e ʻofá ʻokú ne toe fakaongo mai ʻi he ngaahi afo fakaofo ʻo ʻetau tūkunga manatú.
Naʻe fekau mai ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa ʻIlaisiā ʻi he 1836 ko e mahuʻinga fau ʻa e vā ʻo e fānaú mo e mātuʻá ke “liliu ʻa e loto” ʻo e ngaahi tamaí ki he fānaú mo e fānaú ki he ngaahi tamaí. Kapau he ʻikai liliu ʻa e ngaahi lotó, naʻá Ne folofola, “[ʻe] teʻia ʻa e māmaní kotoa pē ʻaki ha fakamalaʻia” mo “fakaʻauha ʻo ʻosiʻosingamālie” kimuʻa pea toe foki mai ʻa Kalaisí (T&F 110:15; Siosefa Sāmita—Hisitōlia 1:39; vakai foki, Malakai 4:6). ʻI he māmani ʻo e ʻaho ní, hangē ʻoku liliu ʻa e ngaahi loto ko iá—ka ko e liliu meiate kinaua kae ʻikai kiate kinaua.
ʻOku tau moʻui nai ʻi he kuonga ʻo e malaʻiá? Mahalo pē. ʻOku “ʻauhia” (taʻemahuʻinga, taʻeʻaonga, taʻeʻaonga, mo liʻekina) moʻoni ʻa e fānau ʻo e ʻaho ní (kae pehē ki he sosaietí—he māmaní) koeʻuhí ko e palopalema takitaha ʻoku fakamatalaʻi hení.
ʻOku mahino ʻa e tokāteliné—pea ʻoku fakamoʻoniʻi ia ʻe ha ngaahi fakatotolo kuo laui taʻu hono fakahokó. ʻOku ʻikai fie maʻu ke tau toe foki ki he ngaahi lao ki he fāmilí ʻo e ngaahi taʻu kuohilí, ka ʻo kapau pē te tau lava ʻo tokanga lahi ange ki heʻetau fānaú mo honau kahaʻú, ʻe tomuʻa mali ʻa e kakaí kimuʻa pea nau toki hoko ko ha mātuʻá. Te nau feilaulau lahi fau ange ke kei nofomali. ʻE ohi hake ʻa e fānaú, kapau ʻe lava, ʻe heʻenau mātuʻa totonú. Ngalingali he ʻikai ha fili ke fakatōtama pe fāʻele tuʻutāmakí. Ko e moʻoni, ʻe fie maʻu ha ngaahi fakaʻatā makehe—ʻe fakatonuhiaʻi ha ngaahi vetemali ʻe niʻihi, pea taimi ʻe niʻihi ko e ohí ʻoku ʻomi fakalangi. Ka ʻoku hanga ʻe he fanongonongo ki he fāmilí ʻo e 1995 ʻo fakamatalaʻi haohaoa mai “ʻOku maʻu ai ʻe he fānaú ha totonu ke fanauʻi kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi haʻi ʻo e nofomalí, pea ke ohi hake kinautolu ʻe ha tamai mo ha faʻē ʻokú na tauhi ʻa e ngaahi fuakava ʻo e malí ʻi he faitōnunga kakato.”15
Ka ʻoku tau moʻua ʻi he manatu filifilí. ʻOku ʻikai ke tau fanongo ki he ngaahi afo fakaofo ʻo e manatu ki he taʻengatá, pe ko e lolotongá. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he fili ʻo ʻetau fiefiá ke fakalotoa kitautolu ʻoku fakangatangata ʻa e ngaahi haʻi toputapu mo tuʻuloa ʻo e feʻofaʻaki fakafāmilí, ka ko hono moʻoní ʻoku ʻikai ha vā fetuʻutaki ia ʻe fakatauʻatāina mo kakato ange.
ʻOku ʻikai faingofua hono langa hake ha nofomali lelei. Naʻe ʻikai ʻuhinga ia ke faingofua. Ka ʻi hono hanga ʻe ha anga fakafonua taʻemahino ʻo ʻai ke tau puputuʻu fekauʻaki mo e ʻuhinga ʻo e nofomalí, ʻe lava ke vave haʻatau felotofoʻiʻaki mo e niʻihi kehé pea ʻiate kitautolu foki. Ka ko e fakakaukau taʻengata ʻo e ongoongoleleí, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku akoʻi ʻi he folofolá mo e temipalé, te ne lava ʻo tokoniʻi kitautolu ke tau mahulu hake ʻi he moveuveu ʻo e nofomali ʻi onopōní kae ʻoua kuo hoko ʻetau nofomalí ko e ngaahi aʻusia fakafiemālie mo māʻoniʻoni tahá—naʻa mo e aʻusia vivili taha—ʻo ʻetau moʻuí.
Taupotu ki ʻolungá: tā fakatātaaʻi ʻo e ʻatá ʻe Jerry Garns