“ʻO e Ngaahi Puleʻangá mo e Ngaahi Laó,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá (2016)
“ʻO e Ngaahi Puleʻangá mo e Ngaahi Laó,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá
ʻO e Ngaahi Puleʻangá mo e Ngaahi Laó
Naʻe fakaʻapaʻapaʻi mo laukau ʻaki ʻe Laimani Uaiti ʻa e ngāue fakakautau ʻa ʻene tamaí ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e Tau ʻo e Tauʻatāina ʻa ʻAmeliká. Kia Uaiti, ko e ikuna ʻa ʻAmelika ʻi he fepaki ko iá naʻá ne fakahoko ha meʻa ʻo lahi ange ʻi he maʻu pē ʻo e tauʻatāina ʻa e ʻIunaiteti Siteití; naʻe maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi totonu ki he moʻuí pea mo e tauʻatāiná, ki he kakai ʻAmeliká. Naʻe tui ʻa Uaiti ko e ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga ko iá ko e tukufakaholo tuʻuloa ia ʻo e Tauʻi ʻo e Tauʻatāina ʻa ʻAmeliká pea mo e tuiaki ke kau ʻi he Tau ʻo e 1812 ke maluʻi kinautolú.
Neongo ia, naʻe fehangahangai ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakatuʻamelie faka-ʻAmelika ko ʻeni ʻa Uaití mo ʻene ngaahi aʻusia ko ha taha Siasi nofo ʻi Mīsuli ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e 1830 tupú. Ko e taimi naʻe hiki ai mo ha Kāingalotu ʻe toko tahaafe tupu ki he Vahefonua Siakisoní, ʻi Mīsulí, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1831 mo e 1832, naʻe ʻikai ke saiʻia ha kakai tokolahi ʻo e vahefonuá ʻi he ngaahi tui ʻa e Kāingalotú mo tailiili ki honau ivi tākiekina ʻi he meʻa fakapolitikale fakalotofonuá ʻi he kahaʻú. Naʻe ʻikai ke nau fakaʻapaʻapaʻi a e ngaahi totonu ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ke fai ʻenau lotú mo fili ʻo fakatatau mo e tuʻutuʻuni ʻa honau konisēnisí, ka naʻe ngāue ʻaki ʻe he kakai ia ʻo e Vahefonua Siakisoní ha fakamoveuveu taʻe-fakalao ke fakamālohiʻi ʻa e Kāingalotú ke siʻaki ʻenau tui fakalotú pe mavahe mei he vahefonuá. Naʻe hoko ʻa e kakai ko ʻeni ʻo Mīsulí ko ha kau fakamālohi taʻe-fakalao ʻo nau ngaohikovia ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí naʻe nofo ʻi he vahefonuá, fakaʻauha ʻenau koloá, pea aʻu ʻo tuʻutuʻuni fakamālohi ke nau mavahe.
Naʻe loto-mamahi ʻa Uaiti ʻi he fakaoleoleʻi ʻe he kau ʻōfisa ʻo e siteití mo e puleʻanga fakafonuá pea aʻu ʻo nau fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e faʻahinga angafai pehē ki he kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí. ʻI ha tohi tangi naʻe fai ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu kimui ki he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻá ne fakahā ai ko ʻene “tamaí ko ha sōtia tauʻi ʻo e tauʻatāiná” pea ko e ngaahi faihala ko ʻeni ki he ngaahi totonu fakatangataʻi fonua ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí “naʻe ʻikai ko e tauʻatāina ia naʻá ne ʻomai kiate au mo hoku hakó.” Naʻe hā mei he tohi tangi ʻa Uaití ha tūkunga tamaki ʻi he mateakiʻi naʻá ne maʻu ki hono fonuá, fakaliliʻa ʻi he tōʻonga ʻa ha kau tangata tokolahi naʻe fili ke puleʻi ʻa e fonuá, pea mo ʻene mateakiʻi ʻa e tui fakalotu ʻoku tui ʻe tuʻu ʻo fuoloa ange ʻi he ngaahi puleʻanga fakamāmaní kotoa.
Fakatonutonú
Naʻe ʻikai ke faʻa lelei ʻa e vā ʻo e kau taki ʻo e Siasí mo e puleʻanga fakafeituʻú pea mo e puleʻanga fakafonuá fakatouʻosi, ʻo hangē ko Laimani Uaití. Ko e taimi naʻe tuli ai ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí mei honau ngaahi ʻapí ʻi Nōvema 1833, naʻe tui ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí kuo ʻikai ke lava ʻe he puleʻanga ʻo Mīsulí mo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke maluʻi ʻa e ngaahi totonu fakaetangataʻi fonua ʻa e Kāingalotu Mīsulí pea nau ongoʻi ai ke fakafepakiʻi ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga (pe taʻe-fai ha meʻa) ʻe he kau ʻōfisa naʻe tupu ai hono tuli ʻo e Kāingalotú. ʻI he taimi tatau pē, naʻa nau kamata ke fai ha ngaahi tangi fakalao mo fakapolitikale ki he ongo puleʻanga tatau ko ʻení ke fakafoki mai honau kelekelé mo e ngaahi totonu fakaetangataʻi fonua ʻi he Vahefonua Siakisoní.
Naʻe ʻi ai ha kau tangataʻifonua ʻilo tokosiʻi naʻa nau fakaʻofaʻia ʻi he meʻa fakamamahi naʻe hoko ki he Kāingalotú, ka ko ha tokolahi naʻa nau huʻuhuʻu ki he ngaahi taumuʻa ʻa e Kāingalotú. Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he mateakiʻi ko ia ʻe he Siasí ʻa e mafai ʻo e fakahaá mo e fuʻu vave ʻa e fakatahataha hake ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻi ʻOhaiō mo Mīsulí ha hohaʻa ʻa e kakai ʻo ʻAmeliká na ʻoku fakataumuʻa ʻa e Siasí ke fokotuʻu hano sōsaieti pē ʻoʻona te ne fakataʻeʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lao mo e mafai ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. ʻE lava fēfē ke fakahaaʻi siʻonau ngaohikoviʻi ʻe he puleʻangá lolotonga ia ʻoku nau fakahaaʻi ʻenau poupou ki he puleʻangá pea mo tohi kole ha tokoni ʻa e puleʻangá?
Ko e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻí
ʻI he ʻaho 17 ʻo ʻAokosi 1835, lolotonga e feinga ʻa e Kāingalotú ke kole tokoni ki he puleʻangá, naʻe ōmai ʻa ʻŌliva Kautele mo Sitenei Likitoni mo ha tohi naʻe ui ko e “Fanongonongo ʻa e Puleʻangá mo e Laó” ki he kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻi Ketilani, ʻi ʻOhaioó. Ko e fanongonongó—ʻoku hoko he taimí ni ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 134—naʻe feinga ke ne fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa kotoa ʻoku hohaʻa ki ai ʻa e Kāingalotú. ʻI he pehē ko ia ko e “ngaahi puleʻangá naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he ʻOtuá koʻeuhí ke ʻaonga ki he tangatá” pea ʻe hanga ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻo “ʻekeʻi mei he fakafoʻituituí ʻa ʻenau ngaahi [angafai]” ko e kau ʻōfisa fakapuleʻangá, naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe he fanongonongó ʻa e puleʻanga fakasivilé ko ha faʻunga fakamāmani naʻe ʻi ai hono ngaahi lelei fakalaumālie. ʻI hono fakamatalaʻi ko ia ko e ʻōfisa fakapuleʻanga kotoa “ʻoku totonu ke fakaʻapaʻapaʻi ʻi hono tuʻungá” pea ko e ngaahi laó “ʻoku moʻua ʻa e tangata kotoa pē ke fakaʻapaʻapa mo talangofua ki aí,” naʻe fakamamafaʻi ai ʻe he fanongonongó ʻa e ngaahi akonaki ʻo e Siasí ʻoku totonu ke hoko hono kau mēmipá ko ha kau tangataʻi fonua tauhi lao ʻoku tokoni ki he “melino mo e uouangataha” ʻa e ngaahi sōsaieti ʻoku nau nofo aí. Naʻe kikivi pē ʻoku totonu ke fakapapauʻi ʻe he puleʻangá ʻa e totonu ʻo hono kakai he fonuá ke lotu ʻo fakatatau mo e tuʻutuʻuni ʻa honau konisēnisí pea ko e ngaahi kulupu fakalotu ko ia ʻoku ngaohikoviʻi koeʻuhí ko ʻenau ngaahi tui fakalotú naʻe totonu ʻa ʻenau tohi tangi ki he puleʻangá ke fakatonutonú. Naʻe ʻikai ke tali fakahangatonu ʻa e fanongonongó ki he ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko kimui ʻi he Vahefonua Siakisoní, ka naʻe vilitaki pē ʻi he totonu ʻa e kakai ʻo e fonuá ke maluʻi kinautolu mei he fakatanga fakalotú kapau he ʻikai fai ʻe he puleʻangá ha tokoni ki heʻenau kolé.
Naʻe tali ʻe he kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻa e fanongonongó pea fakakau ia ʻi he ʻuluaki pulusinga ʻo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá. ʻOku ʻikai ke tatau ia mo e ngaahi vahe kehe ʻo e tohí ʻa ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi mai ai ʻe he ʻOtuá Hono finangaló ki he Kāingalotú, ka ko e vahe ko ʻení ʻoku ʻasi ai hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻenau fakakaukau mo ʻenau falala ki he kakaí fakalūkufua. ʻOku ngalingali naʻe faʻu ia ʻe ʻŌliva Kautele, he naʻá ne ʻosi fakahoko ʻi ha ngaahi kaveinga lahi naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala fakaʻētita he nusipepá kimuí ni. Neongo naʻe ʻi he Vahefonua Mikisikení ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ʻi he taimi naʻe fakahoko ai ʻa e fanongonongó ki he Siasí, ka naʻá ne tali ia mo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi heʻene ngaahi leá mo ʻene ngaahi tohí.
Founga Fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e Fanongonongó
Ko e taimi naʻe kapusi ai ʻa e Kāingalotú mei Mīsuli ʻi he tuʻutuʻuni fakataki ʻa e kōvaná, naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe Siosefa mo ha kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻo fanongonongó ʻi heʻenau taukapoʻi ʻa e Siasí, ʻo tautautefito ʻi he 1838. Hangē ko ʻení, ʻi he kei ʻi he tafaʻaki fakahahake ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa Siosefa ʻi he 1840 ʻo kole ki he puleʻanga fakafonuá ha fakatonutonu ʻi he hili hono faʻao ʻo e ngaahi kelekele ʻo e Siasí ʻi Mīsulí, naʻá ne fai ha tohi ki he ʻētita ʻo ha nusipepa ʻi Penisilivēnia ʻo ne tali ʻa e ʻeke naʻe fai ʻe ha niʻihi ʻo e kau fakaangaʻi ʻo e Siasí ʻi he feituʻú. Neongo ia, ʻi heʻene faʻu ʻa e tohí, naʻe hanga ʻe Siosefa ia ʻo hiki tatau pē ʻa e fakalea ʻo e fanongonongo ʻa e puleʻangá, ʻo fetongi ʻaki ʻa e “ʻOku ou tui” ʻi he taimi kotoa pē ʻoku ʻasi ai ʻa e kupuʻi lea “ʻoku mau tui.”
ʻOsi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi mei ai, kuo lava ʻa Siosefa, Sitenei Likitoni, mo ʻIlaiase Hikipei ʻo maʻu ha faingamālie ke fai ha hopo ʻi ha kōmiti ʻo ha kau senatoa ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke fai ha vakai ki he ngaahi fakatanga ʻi Mīsulí. ʻI he hopo ko iá, naʻe feinga ʻa e Fakafofonga Fale Alea ʻo Mīsuli ko Sione Semisoní ke fakatonuhiaʻi ʻa e fakamamahi naʻe fai ki he kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻi he kuohilí ʻaki ʻene pehē kuo ʻosi foaki ʻe Siosefa ki hono kau muimuí ʻa e tauʻatāina ke tukunoaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lao ʻo e fonuá. Naʻe fakaʻikaiʻi fefeka ʻe ʻIlaiasi Hikipei ʻa e lau ko ʻení, ʻo ne fakafekikiʻi ʻoku “ʻikai ke teitei ʻi ai ha faʻahinga tokāteline pehē ʻa e [Siasí] pe te nau tui ki ha faʻahinga meʻa pehē,” pea fakahinohino ʻa e kōmití ki he “Fanongonongo ki he Puleʻangá mo e Laó (Declaration of Government and Law)” ʻo e 1835 ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakavá ko ha fakamoʻoni ia naʻe ʻosi “fuoloa pē hono pulusi [ʻenau] tui ki he kaveinga ko iá.” Naʻe ʻikai ke tali ʻe he kōmiti Senato ʻo e 1840 ke fakaʻatā ke fakatonutonu hono fakatangaʻi ʻo e Siasí ka naʻe pipiki ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ki he ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga naʻe fakmatalaʻi ʻi he fanongonongó.
ʻOsi ha taʻu ʻe ua mei ai, ko e taimi naʻe fai ai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ʻiloa he taimí ni ko e “Tohi Ueniuefí (Wentworth Letter)” ko hano fakamatalaʻi nounou ʻo e hisitōlia mo e ngaahi tui ʻa e Siasí, naʻe ngali ko e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻi he fanongonongo ki he puleʻangá naʻá ne fakatupu ʻa e kehekehe ʻi he ongo fakamatalá. Ko e ongo fakamatala ko iá, ʻoku ʻiloa he taimí ni ko e tefito ʻo e tui fika hongofulu mā tahá mo e hongofulu mā uá, ʻokú na fakamahinoʻi ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e Siasí ʻi he tauʻatāina ʻa e tangata mo e fefine kotoa ke lotu ki he ʻOtuá ʻo fakatatau mo e tuʻutuʻuni honau konisēnisí pea mo ʻene akonaki ko ia ko e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻoku nau fakaongoongo ki he kau ʻōfisa fakapuleʻangá mo totonu ke nau talangofua ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e fonua ʻoku nau nofo aí.
ʻAve kia Sisa ʻa e Meʻa ʻa Sisá
Naʻe fiemaʻu ke fakahaohao ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi ha ngaahi tūkunga fakapolitikale faingataʻa ʻi he taʻu 1830 tupú, ka ko honau tūkungá naʻe ʻikai faʻa fakatokangaʻi. Ko e ngaahi kulupu fakalotu naʻa nau feinga ke fokotuʻu ha puleʻanga ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he māmaní naʻe fiemaʻu maʻu pē ke nau fengāueʻaki tokanga mo e “ngaahi mālohi fakamāmani ʻe ʻi aí.” Naʻe fehangahangai ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi mo ha ngaahi pole meimei tatau ʻi he lolotonga ʻo ʻEne ngaūe ʻi māmaní. Ko e taimi naʻe tukuakiʻi ai naʻe feinga ke ne puke ʻa e mafai fakapolitikalé mei he kakai Siú mo e kau ʻōfisa Lomá, naʻá ne fakahā “ʻoku ʻikai ʻo māmani Hoku puleʻangá” pea tuʻutuʻuni ʻEne kau ākongá ke “ʻave kia Sisa ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻa Sisá; pea ki he ʻOtuá ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻa e ʻOtuá.” ʻI he ʻuhinga ko ʻení ʻoku toe fakaongo mai ai ʻe he “Fanongonongo ki he Puleʻangá mo e Laó (Declaration of Government and Law)” ʻa e founga ʻa Sīsū ki hono langa hake Hono Siasí ʻi loto he ngaahi kauʻā-fonua ʻo e ngaahi puleʻanga tauʻatāiná.
Naʻe hiki ʻe Laimani Uaiti ʻi ha tohi kole ki he Senato ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1839 ʻo pehē, “Naʻá ku pole ke maluʻi hoku [fonuá] ʻi he tau fakamuimuí [Tau ʻo e 1812],” ka ʻoku [ʻikai ke u lava ʻo nofo] ʻi he Siteiti Mīsulí ʻo taʻe-fakaʻikaiʻi ʻeku tui fakalotú.” Pea ko ia naʻe hahanu ʻa e taha mateaki fonuá ni naʻe ʻikai ke ne ongoʻi “fiemālie ke nofo [ʻi ha] faʻahinga fakapōpula pehē ʻoku lau ko ha puleʻanga tauʻatāina.” Naʻe fakafōtunga moʻoni ʻe he tohi kole ʻa Uaití ha taha ʻo e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻi he “Fanongonongo ki he Puleʻangá mo e Laó”—ʻoku fiemaʻu ʻa e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ke nau mateakiʻi honau fonuá ka ʻoku totonu ke nau ngāue ʻi he taimi tatau ke langa hake ʻa e puleʻanga ʻokú ne maluʻi ʻenau tauʻatāina mo e ngaahi totonu ʻa e tangataʻifonua kotoa pē.