Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Ko e Lea ʻo e Potó

“Ko e Lea ʻo e Potó,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá (2016)

“Ko e Lea ʻo e Potó,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá

Ko e Lea ʻo e Potó

T&F 89

Jed Woodworth

Hangē pē ko e ngaahi fakahā kehe ʻi he kamata mai ʻa e Siasí, ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89, ʻoku toe ʻiloa ʻi he ʻahó ni ko e Lea ʻo e Potó, naʻe maʻu ia ko e tali ki ha palopalema. Naʻe ui ha kakai tangata tokolahi mei Ketilani ke nau malangaʻi ʻa e ongoongoleleí ʻi he ngaahi konga kehekehe ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe fekauʻi ke nau kalanga ʻaki ʻa e fakatomalá ki he kakaí mo tānaki e kakai fili ʻa e ʻEikí. Ke teuteuʻi ʻa e kau ului ko ʻeni kimui ní ki heʻenau ngaahi ngāue mahuʻingá, naʻe kamataʻi ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ha ʻapiako naʻe ui ko e Akoʻanga ʻo e kau Palōfitá, ʻa ia naʻe fakaava ia ʻi Ketilani ʻi he fungavaka ua ʻo e falekoloa fefakatauʻaki ʻo Niueli K. Uitenī ʻi Sānuali 1833.

ʻI he pongipongi kotoa pē, hili e maʻu meʻatokoni pongipongí, naʻe fakataha e kau tangatá ʻi he akoʻangá ke maʻu ha fakahinohino meia Siosefa Sāmita. Naʻe fuʻu siʻisiʻi e lokí pea naʻe meimei ko e kaumātuʻa ʻe toko 25 naʻe fakaʻefihi aí. Naʻe manatuʻi ʻe Pilikihami ʻIongi, ko e fuofua meʻa ne nau fai, hili ʻenau tangutu ki laló, ko hono “tutu ha foʻi paipa (tapaka) pea kamata ke nau talanoa fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa maʻongoʻonga ʻo e puleʻangá mo ifi pē.” Naʻe matolu e ʻahu ʻo e tapaká ʻo ʻikai faʻa mei lava ai e kau tangatá ʻo sio kia Siosefa. Ko ʻene ʻosi pē ʻenau paipá, te nau “mama tapaka leva ʻi ha tafaʻaki ʻe taha pe fakatoloua e ongo tafaʻakí he taimi ʻe niʻihi pea laku pē ia he falikí.” ʻI he tūkunga ʻuli ko ʻení, naʻe feinga ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ke akoʻi e kau tangatá ki he founga te nau lava ai mo ʻenau kau uluí ʻo māʻoniʻoni, “taʻe-ha-ʻila,” pea taau mo e ʻao ʻo e ʻOtuá.

Tapaká

Naʻe hoko ʻa e meʻá ni ʻi he falekoloa ʻo Uitenií ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo ha fuʻu liliu lahi ʻi he anga fakauēsité. ʻI he 1750, ko e kakai tuʻumālié pē mo māʻolungá naʻa nau tokanga ki he fakamaʻá mo e haisini fakatāutahá. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he 1900, naʻe hoko e kaukau maʻu peé ko ha meʻa angamaheni ia ki ha konga lahi ʻo e kakaí, tautefito ki he niʻihi ʻi he kalasi lotolotó (middle class), ʻa ia kuo nau kamata fakamahuʻingaʻi e tuʻunga fakasōsialé. Naʻe mafuli mei hono tali lelei ʻe he kakai tokolahi ʻi he sosaietí ʻa hono puhi holo e fakateka tapaká ki he lau ia ko ha tōʻonga palakū pea ʻoku ʻikai ke taau ia mo ha kakai anga fakaʻapaʻapá. ʻI he uhouhonga ʻo e mafuli fakaeʻulungaanga ko ʻení, ʻi he momeniti pē ne kamata ke tokanga ai e kakaí ʻi he ʻaho kotoa pē ke maʻa mo moʻui lelei honau sinó, naʻe fakahā mai leva e Lea ʻo e Potó ke ne fakamaama e hala fonongá.

Naʻe mei feʻunga ʻānoa pē ʻa e meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he Akoʻanga ʻo e Kau Palōfitá ke loto-hohaʻa ai ha taha ʻoku ʻikai ke ne fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e tapaká ʻo hangē ko Siosefa Sāmitá. Naʻe talaange ʻe he uaifi ʻo Siosefa ko ʻEmá kiate ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻene hohaʻa ki he ʻātakaí. Naʻá ne nofo mo ʻEma ʻi he falekoloa Uitenií, pea naʻe tuku kiate ia ʻa e fatongia ki hono olo e ‘aʻanu ‘o e fakateká ke maʻa mei he papá. Naʻe manatu ki ai ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongi, mahalo pē naʻe lāunga ʻa ʻEma ʻi hono fai e ngāue faingataʻa naʻe ʻikai ke fakahoungaʻi ʻe ha tahá, ka naʻe toe ʻi ai foki mo ha fakakaukau lahi ange: “Naʻe ʻikai ke ne lava ʻo ʻai e falikí ke ʻasi maʻa.” Naʻe fuʻu faingataʻa pē ke maʻa ʻa e tau-maʻu ʻo e tapaká. Naʻe ʻikai ke ngali e meʻa ia ne hokó mo ha niʻihi naʻe ui ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻo hangē ko ia ne hoko ki he kau kaumātuʻa ko ʻení, tautefito ki heʻetau manatuʻi ko e loki ko ia ne fuʻu ʻuli hono falikí ko e “loki liliu lea” ia ʻa Siosefá, ko e feituʻu tatau pē ia naʻá ne maʻu ai e ngaahi fakahaá ʻi he huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá. Naʻe kamata ʻeke ʻe Siosefa ki he ʻEikí ʻo kau ki he meʻa ke faí, pea ʻi he ʻaho 27 ʻo Fēpuelí ko e meimei māhina pē ia ʻe taha mei he kamata ʻa e ʻapiakó, naʻá ne maʻu e fakahā naʻe tali kimui ange ko e folofola ʻa ia ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89. Naʻe mahino lelei e talí: “ʻOku ʻikai maʻá e tangatá ʻa e tapaká ka ki he ngaahi mamulu & fanga pulu mahamahaki kotoa pē; ke ngāue ʻaki ʻi he anga-fakapotopoto & poto.”

Ngaahi Inu Mālohí

Ko e tapaká ko e taha pē ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻa lahi naʻe fakakikihiʻi fefeka ʻi he ongo tafaʻaki fakatouʻosi ʻo e ʻŌseni ʻAtalanitikí ʻo fekauʻaki mo haʻane lelei ki he moʻui lelei mo e maʻa ʻo e sinó ʻi he taimi ko ia naʻe maʻu ai e Lea ʻo e Potó. Naʻe hokohoko hono aleaʻí koeʻuhí he naʻe fuʻu lahi hono ngāue hala ʻaki ʻe he kakaí ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ni. Naʻe lipooti fakakataʻi ia ʻi he 1832 ʻe Falanisesi Tololope, ko ha tokotaha faʻu tohi Pilitānia, ʻo kau ki heʻene ngaahi folau kotoa ki he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, naʻe tātātaha pē ke ne fetaulaki mo ha tangata naʻe ʻikai ko ha tokotaha ʻoku “fakateka tapaka pe inu uasikē.”

Kuo fuʻu tōtuʻa moʻoni pē ʻa e inu kava mālohí ia, hangē ko e fakateka tapaká. ʻI ha ngaahi senituli lahi naʻe maʻu ʻe he meimei kau ʻAmelika kotoa pē ha ʻolokaholo lahi ʻaupito, ʻo meimei tatau pē mo honau kāinga mei ʻIulopé. Naʻe ui ʻe he kau Pulitaní ʻa e ʻolokaholó ko e “Fakatupu Lelei ʻa e ʻOtuá,” ko ha tāpuaki mei he langí ke inu fakafuofua pē. Naʻe meimei ke maʻu ʻa e ʻolokaholó ʻi he maʻu meʻatokoni kotoa pē, koeʻuhí he naʻe ʻikai ke moʻui lelei ʻa e vai naʻe ʻikai ke siví. Naʻe manakoa ʻa e pia naʻe ngaohi pē ʻi ʻapí, pea ʻi he hili e 1700, naʻe inu ʻe he kau Pilitānia ne nau kolonia ʻa ʻAmeliká ʻa e inu naʻe ngaohi mei he fuaʻiʻakau hangē ko e huhuʻaʻi pīsí, ʻāpele saitá, pea mo e kava mālohi (rum) naʻe hū mai mei ʻInitī Hihifó pe huhuʻa melie kuo sivi mei aí. ʻI he aʻu ki he 1770, ko e fakaʻavalisi ko ia hono maʻu ʻataʻatā pē ʻo e ʻolokaholó—ʻo ʻikai lau ki ai e piá pe saitá (cider)—ko e kālani ʻe 3.7 he taʻu.

Naʻe hanga ʻe he Tau ʻa ʻAmelika ki he Tauʻatāiná ʻo ʻai ke kovi ange ʻa e fakafalala ko ʻeni ki he ʻolokaholó. Hili hono taʻofi ʻo e hū mai e huhuʻa melie kuo siví, naʻe afe leva e kau ʻAmeliká ki he uasikeé ke fetongi ʻaki e kava mālohi ko e rum. Naʻe ʻilo ʻe he kau faama uite ʻi he fakahihifo ʻo Penisilivēnia mo Tenesií ʻoku maʻamaʻa ange hono ngaohi ʻo e uasikeé ʻi hano fakafolau mo fakatau atu ʻa e uite ʻoku ʻauhangofuá. Ko hono olá, naʻe vave ʻa e fakaʻau ke lahi ange e ngaahi ngaohiʻanga ʻolokaholó hili e 1780, ʻo tokoni lahi ki ai hono nofoʻi ʻo Kenitaki mo ʻOhaiō ko e feituʻu ʻoku tupu lelei ai e koané pea toe mamaʻo mei he ngaahi māketi ʻi he fakahahaké. Naʻe fakaʻohovale ki he kakai haʻu ki ʻAmelika hangē ko Tololopé, ke sio ki he kau ʻAmelika ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pē—ʻa e tangata, fefine, mo e fānau—ʻoku nau inu uasikē ʻi he ʻahó kakato. Naʻe tupu vave ʻaupito hono maʻu ʻo e ʻolokaholó ʻi ʻAmeliká, mei he kālani ʻe ua mo e konga ki he toko tahá ʻi he 1790 ki he kālani ʻe fitu ʻi he 1830, ko e lahi taha ia ʻi ha toe faʻahinga taimi ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo ʻAmeliká pea ko ha mataʻifika ia ʻoku liunga tolu hono lahí ʻi he ʻavalisi ʻo e ʻahó ni.

Naʻe ʻikai ke fenāpasi ʻa e hikihikitō ko ʻeni ʻa e maʻu ʻolokaholó mo e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga fakalotú. ʻI he kamata mai ʻa e 1784, naʻe faleʻi ʻe he kau Kueiká mo e Metotisí fakatouʻosi honau kāingalotú ke nau fakamamaʻo mei ha faʻahinga kava mālohi pē pea ʻoua naʻa kau atu ki hono fakatau maí pe ko hono ngaohí. Naʻe ʻi ai ha ngaʻunu fakapolitikale ke fakangata pe taʻofi e maʻu ʻolokaholó ʻi he ngaahi siasí ʻi he ngaahi ʻuluaki taʻu ʻo e senituli 19. Naʻe kamata ke mahino lelei ange ko e ʻolokaholó ko ha fakatauele fakatuʻutāmaki ia ka ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻaʻofa ia mei he ʻOtuá. ʻI he 1812 naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Siasi Congregational mo e Pelesipiteliane ʻi Konetikatí ha ngaahi lao mamafa ki he maʻu laisení ke ne fakangatangata ʻa hono fakatau atu ʻo e ʻolokaholó. Naʻe taukaveʻi ʻe Laimani Piisa, ko ha taki ʻi he ngaʻunu ko ʻeni ki he liliú, ha ngaahi fakangatangata lahi ange, ʻo poupouʻi ke taʻofi fakaʻaufuli ʻa e ngaahi inu ʻoku ʻolokahōliká. Naʻe vave e hoko ʻa e foʻi fakakaukau ko iá ko e tefitoʻi taumuʻa ia ʻa e Sosaieti ʻa ʻAmelika ki he Fakafuofuá (SAF), ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi Positoni ʻi he 1826. Naʻe poupouʻi e kau mēmipa ʻo e kautahá ke nau fakamoʻoni hingoa ʻi ha fuakava ke ʻoua naʻa ngata pē ʻi he inu fakafuofua ʻo e ʻolokaholó kae mātuʻaki fakaʻehiʻehi ʻaupito mei ai. Naʻe tohiʻi mataʻitohi lahi pē ʻa e “T” ʻi he tafaʻaki e hingoa ʻo kinautolu naʻe fuakava ki aí, pea ko e tupunga ia hono maʻu ʻo e foʻi lea ko e “teetotaler” (ko e mātuʻaki tapu inu ʻolokaholo). ʻI he konga loto ʻo e 1830, naʻe aʻu e tokolahi e kau mēmipa ʻo e SAF ki he toko laumiliona tupu, pea ko e tokolahi ʻiate kinautolu ko e kau teetotalers.

Koeʻuhí ko e fakalotolahi ʻa e kautaha SAF, naʻe faʻu ai ha ngaahi sosaieti fakafuofua fakalotofonua ʻe lauafe ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ki ʻuta ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe ʻi ai pē ha sosaieti pehē ʻi Ketilani, kae pehē foki ki he fanga kiʻi kolo īkí. Ko hono moʻoní koeʻuhí ko e lahi hono toutou aleaʻi mo tālangaʻi e liliu ki he maʻu ʻolokaholó, naʻe fiemaʻu ʻe he Kāingalotú ha founga ke nau fakakaukauʻi ai pe ko e fē ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻoku tonú. Makehe mei hono taʻofi ʻo e tapaká, naʻe toe faleʻi mai foki ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó ke ʻoua naʻa inu ha faʻahinga ʻolokaholo: “Kapau ʻe inu uaine pe ha inu Mālohi ʻe ha taha ʻiate kimoutolu, vakai ʻoku ʻikai ke lelei pe taau ia ʻi he ʻao ʻo hoʻomou Tamaí.”

Neongo ia, ka naʻe fiemaʻu ha taimi ia ke lava ʻo tukuange atu ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga ko ia naʻe ʻosi fokotuʻu maʻu ʻi he tukufakahoko fakafāmilí mo e anga fakafonuá, tautefito ki hono faʻa toutou ngāue ʻaki ʻo e ngaahi inu ʻolokaholo kotoa pē ki ha ngaahi ʻuhinga fakafaitoʻó. Naʻe kau ʻi he “inu mālohí” ʻa e ngaahi sipiliti naʻe haka hangē ko e uasikeé, ʻa ia naʻe matuʻaki tapui ʻaupito ia ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa hono fakaʻaongaʻí. Naʻa nau ngāue ʻaki ha founga ʻoku fakapotopoto ange ki he ʻolokaholo ʻoku ʻikai ke fuʻu mālohí hangē ko e piá pea “ko e uaine maʻa ʻo e kālepi ʻo e vaine, ʻa ia ko hoʻomou ngaohi ʻe kimoutolu pē.” ʻI he toʻu tangata ʻe ua ka hokó, naʻe akoʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí e Lea ʻo e Potó ko ha fekau mei he ʻOtuá, ka naʻa nau fakaʻapaʻapaʻi ha ngaahi fakakaukau kehekehe ki he founga ke tauhi ʻaki e fekau ko ʻení. Naʻe hoko e taimi ko ʻeni ʻo e liliú ke maʻu ai ʻe he Kāingalotú ha taimi ke nau fakatupulaki ʻenau tukufakaholo pē ʻanautolu ki he fakaʻehiʻehi mei he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fakatupu maʻunimaá. ʻI he konga kimuʻa ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo fakasaienisi ne lava ʻo maʻú, pea naʻe hoko e ʻalu ki he temipalé ko ha meʻa angamaheni ange ʻo e moihū ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí, naʻe mateuteu e Siasí ke tali ha tuʻunga ʻulungaanga pau ange ki hono tauhi e laó mo toʻo atu ai e ngaahi palopalema hangē ko e ʻolokaholó mei he niʻihi ʻoku talangofuá. ʻI he 1921, naʻe ueʻi ʻe he ʻEikí ʻa Palesiteni Hiipa J. Kalānite ke ui ki he Kāingalotu kotoa pē ke nau moʻui kakato ʻaki e Lea ʻo e Potó ʻaki ʻenau matuʻaki fakamamaʻo mei he ʻolokaholo, kofi, tī, mo e tapaka kotoa pē. ʻI he ʻaho ní ʻoku fakatetuʻa ke moʻui ʻaki ʻe he kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa e tuʻunga ʻulungaanga māʻolunga ange ko ʻení.

Inu Velá

Naʻe ola lelei e ngāue ʻa e ngaahi kulupu ʻi ʻAmelika naʻa nau taukaveʻi ke fakafuofua e inu kava mālohí ʻi he 1830 tupú ʻo meimei koeʻuhí ko hono ʻiloʻi ha meʻa ke ne fetongi ʻa e ʻolokaholó: ʻa e kofí. Naʻe hoko e kofí ʻi he senituli 18 ko ha meʻa fakafiemālie pē, pea naʻe manakoa ange ʻa e tī naʻe ngaohi mei Pilitāniá. Hili e Tau Fakalotofonuá, naʻe lau ʻa e inu tií ia ko ha kei poupou ki Pilitānia pea fakaʻau ke ʻikai ke toe manakoa ia—naʻe ʻatā leva ai ki ha meʻa kehe ke ne fetongi ʻa e fakamānakó. ʻI he 1830, naʻe kole ʻe he kau poupou ki he liliú ki he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke toʻo e tute ki hono hū mai ʻo e kofí. Naʻe ola lelei ʻa e foʻi founga ko iá. Naʻe holo e kofí ʻo sēniti ʻe 10 ki he pauni, ʻo totongi tatau leva ai e ipu kofí mo ha ipu uasikē, ʻa ia ne holo leva ai e manakoa ʻo e uasikeé. ʻI he 1833, naʻe hoko e kofí ia “ko ha inu fakaʻaho ki he meimei fāmili kotoa pē, ʻo tatau pē ʻa e tuʻumālie mo e masiva.” Naʻe ui ia ʻe he Baltimore American ko e “ngaahi meʻa ʻaonga ia ʻo e moʻuí.” Neongo naʻe tali lelei ʻa e kofí ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻi he kongaloto ʻo e 1830 tupú, kau ai mo ha kau taukei fakafaitoʻo, ka naʻe ʻi ai pē ha niʻihi tokosiʻi hangē ko Silivesitā Kuleihemi mo Viliami A. ʻAlakotí naʻa nau malanga ʻo fakafepakiʻi hono fakaʻaongaʻí ʻo pehē ʻoku ʻikai pē ke sai ha faʻahinga inu fakatupu ivi (stimulants) ia, ʻo kau ai e kofí mo e tií.

Naʻe fakafisingaʻi ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó ia ʻa e foʻi fakakaukau ke ʻi ai ha fetongi ʻo e ʻolokaholó. Ko e “inu velá”—ʻa ia ʻoku mahino ki he Kāingalotú ko e ʻuhinga ki he kofí mo e tií—“ʻoku ʻikai maʻá e sinó pe keté,” ʻo hangē ko hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe he fakahaá. Ka ʻoku poupouʻi ʻe he fakahaá ʻa hono maʻu ʻo e ngaahi meʻakai mo e inu angamaheni ʻoku ʻaongá ʻa ia naʻe moʻui ai e kakaí ʻi ha taʻu ʻe lauafe. Naʻe vīkivikiʻi ʻe he fakahaá ʻa e “ngaahi ʻakau iiki kotoa pē” pea mo fakamatalaʻi ko e “kēleni kotoa pē ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he tangtá & fanga manú ke hoko ia ko e falalaʻangaʻo e moʻuí … kae ʻumaʻá foki ʻa e fua ʻo e vainé, ʻa e meʻa ko ia ʻoku tupu ai ha fuá, neongo pe ʻoku ʻi he kelekelé pe ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he kelekelé.” ʻI heʻene fakatatau ki ha fakahā kimuʻa atu ki hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e kakanoʻi manú, naʻe fakmanatu ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó ki he Kāingalotú naʻe ʻomi e kakano ʻo e fanga manú mo e fanga manupuna ʻo e ʻataá “ke fakaʻoangaʻi ʻe he tangatá ʻi he fakafetaʻi,” pea toe tānaki mai mo e fakatokanga ko e kakanoʻi manú “ke ngāue fakasiʻisiʻi ʻaki ia” kae ʻoua ʻe fuʻu tōtuʻa.

“Te U Huaʻi Hoku Laumālié ki he Kakai Kotoa Pē”

Ko e Kāingalotu ko ia naʻa nau ʻiloʻi e ngaahi kulupu ʻi ʻAmelika ʻi he 1820 tupú mo e 1830 tupú naʻa nau taukaveʻi ʻa e liliu ki he moʻui leleí ʻoku pau pē naʻa nau fifili pe ʻoku fekauʻaki fēfē ʻa e ngaahi kulupu ko ʻení pea mo e Lea ʻo e Potó. Naʻe ngalingali hanga pē ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ʻo maʻu e ngaahi fakakaukaú mei he ngaahi fakakaukau pē naʻe ʻosi ʻi ai ʻi hono ʻātakaí ʻo tuku mai ia ko ha fakahā?

ʻOku ʻikai ke ʻi ai hano moʻoni ʻo e ngaahi hohaʻa ko ʻení. Manatuʻi ko e Kāingalotu tokolahi he kamata mai ʻa e Siasí naʻa nau poupou ki he ngaahi sosaieti naʻa nau fakafepakiʻi e ʻolokaholó naʻa nau sio ʻo ʻilo ko e Lea ʻo e Potó ko ha ueʻi fakalaumāie ia, “pea naʻe fakafeʻungaʻi ia ki he niʻihi ʻoku vaivaí & mo e Kāingalotu ʻoku vaivai tahá pe lava ke ui ko e Kāingalotú.” Makehe mei aí, ko e fakahaá naʻe teʻeki ke ʻi ai ha faʻahinga tohi ia naʻe tatau mo iá ʻi he taimi ko iá. Naʻe faʻa feinga ʻa e kakai naʻa nau fakafepakiʻi ʻa e inu ʻolokaholó ke fakamanavaheeʻi ʻa e kau inu ʻolokaholó ʻaki hano fakafehokotaki ʻa e inu ʻolokaholó ki ha ngaahi mahaki fakalilifu pe ngaahi faingataʻa fakasōsiale. Naʻe ʻikai ke ʻomi ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó ia ha faʻahinga fakaʻuhinga pehē. ʻOku pehē pē ʻe he fakahaá, ko e inu mālohí ʻoku “ʻikai ke lelei.” ʻOku meimei ke ʻomi pē mo e fakamatala nounou tatau ʻi he fakatokanga ko ia ki he tapaká mo e ngaahi inu velá. ʻOku lava ke mahino ko e fakahaá ko hano tala ia ʻo e meʻa ʻoku totonú ka ʻoku ʻikai ko hano fakahaaʻi pē ha taha ʻo ha ngaahi fakakaukau kehekehe.

ʻOku ʻikai feinga ia ke fakalotoʻi e kakaí ʻaki hono fakailifiaʻi kinautolu, ka ʻoku fakalotoʻi ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó mei ha tuʻunga ʻo e loto-falala mo e fakapapauʻi moʻoni. ʻOku fakaafeʻi ʻe he fakahaá ʻa kinautolu ʻoku fanongó ke falala ki ha ʻOtua ʻoku ʻi ai hono mālohi ke ʻomi ha ngaahi meʻaʻofa lahi fakalaumālie mo fakatuʻasino, ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he talangofua ki ha fekau fakalangi. ʻOku pehē ʻe he fakahaá, ko kinautolu ʻoku talangofua ki he Lea ʻo e Potó te nau “maʻu ʻa e moʻui lelei ki honau pitó mo e uho ki honau ngaahi huí & te nau maʻu ʻa e potó & ngaahi fuʻu koloa mahuʻinga ʻo e ʻiló & ʻilo ʻa e ngaahi koloa mahuʻinga fufū.” ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi talaʻofá ni ʻa e fehokotaki ʻa e sinó mo e laumālié, ʻo hiki hake hono tokangaʻi ʻo e sinó ke aʻu ki ha tuʻunga ʻo ha tefitoʻi moʻoni fakalotu.

ʻI he fakaʻosingá, naʻe ʻosi ʻi ai pē ʻa e ʻilo ʻoku ʻi ai e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻi he Lea ʻo e Potó ʻoku faitatau mo e meʻa ne taukaveʻi ʻe he kulupu ʻi he senituli 19 ke liliu ʻi he moʻui leleí. Ko ha taimi ʻeni ʻo e “fakamoʻui” (Ngāue 3:19), ko ha taimi ʻi he hisitōliá naʻe lilingi hifo ai mei he langí ʻa e māmá mo e ʻiló. ʻI he pō ko ia naʻe fuofua ʻaʻahi ai ʻa e ʻāngelo ko Molonaí kia Siosefa Sāmita ʻi he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlau ʻo e 1823, naʻe lea ʻaki ʻe he ʻāngeló ha laine mei he tohi ʻa Sioelí ʻo pehē ʻoku ʻamanaki ke fakahoko ia: “Te u huaʻi hoku laumālé ki he kakai kotoa pē,” ko e lau ia ʻa e kupuʻi folofolá (Sioeli 2:28; toki tānaki atu hono fakamamafaʻí). Pea hangē pē ko hono hanga ʻe he kau taukave ke mafuli ki he meʻa ʻoku moʻui leleí ʻo holoki e fakafalala ʻa e kakaí ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fakatupu maʻunimaá, mo ueʻi ʻa e anga fakatōkilaló mo e angatonú, ʻoku mahino leva naʻe tataki fakalaumālie e kulupú ʻe he ʻOtuá. Naʻe pehē ʻe he Tohi ʻa Molomoná, “Ko e meʻa ko ia ʻoku tupu mei he ʻOtuá ʻoku fakaafeʻi mo poupouʻi ke failelei maʻu ai pē” (Molonai 7:13). Naʻe ʻikai ke tokanga ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ki he mei faitatau ʻa e ʻulungaanga fakafonuá, ka naʻe lava ke nau fakalaulauloto mo fiefia lahi ʻi he founga ne ala mai ai ʻa e ʻOtuá ki ha kakai tokolahi moʻoni, ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu lahi, mo ha fuʻu mālohi lahi ʻaupito.

Hili pē hono maʻu ʻe Siosefa Sāmita e Lea ʻo e Potó, naʻá ne ʻalu leva ki he kaumātuʻá ʻi he Akoʻanga ʻo e Kau Palōftiá ʻo lau e fakahaá kiate kinautolu. Naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻu ia ke toe fakamatalaʻi ki he kaumātuʻá ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻo e ngaahi leá. Naʻe manatu ha taha ʻo e niʻihi ʻi he ʻapiakó naʻa nau “laku leva ʻi he taimi pē ko iá ʻenau ʻū paipa ifi tapaká ki he afí.” Talu mei he taimi ko iá, kuo toutou fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa hono tataki fakalaumālie ʻo e Lea ʻo e Potó ʻi he moʻui ʻa e Kāingalotú mo hono mālohí mo e faka-ʻOtuá ʻo hokohoko atu ai pē ʻi he ngaahi taʻu kimui aí. Naʻe kamata leva ke puli atu ʻa e ʻū kautaha naʻa nau taukaveʻi e liliu ki he moʻui lelei ʻa ʻAmeliká. ʻOku hokohoko atu hono fakamaama ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó hotau halá.

  1. Vakai, Milton V. Backman Jr., “School of the Prophets and School of the Elders,” in Joseph: Exploring the Life and Ministry of the Prophet, ed. Susan Easton Black and Andrew C. Skinner (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005), 165–75.

  2. Ko e faiako tefito ʻi he teemi ʻuluaki ko iá ko ʻOasoni Haiti, ka ʻoku mahino naʻe ʻi ai maʻu pē ʻa Siosefa Sāmita. Vakai, Steven R. Sorensen, “Schools of the Prophets,” ʻi he Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 3:1269; Lyndon W. Cook, The Revelations of the Prophet Joseph Smith: A Historical and Biographical Commentary on the Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1985), 191–92.

  3. Brigham Young, Discourse, December 2, 1867; February 8, 1868, Papers of George D. Watt, shorthand transcribed by LaJean Purcell Carruth, Church History Library, Salt Lake City. Naʻe teʻeki ai ke pulusi ʻa e malanga kimuʻá. Ke maʻu ha konga ʻo e malanga kimui kuo pulusí, vakai, Brigham Young, “Remarks,” Deseret News: Semi-Weekly, Feb. 25, 1868, 2.

  4. Vakai, “Revelation, 2 January 1831 [D&C 38],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 51, josephsmithpapers.org.

  5. Naʻe kei feifeingaʻi ʻi he ngaahi senituli lahi ʻa hono ngāueʻi ʻo e “fakasivilaisé” ka naʻe manakoa ia ʻi he kakai mei he ngaahi tuʻunga fakasōsiale kehekehe ʻi he senituli 19. Vakai, Norbert Elias, The History of Manners, trans. Edmunds Jephcott (New York, 1978); Georges Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness: Changing Attitudes in France since the Middle Ages, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1988); Richard L. Bushman and Claudia L. Bushman, “The Early History of Cleanliness in America,” Journal of American History, vol. 74 (Mar. 1988), 1213–38; Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York: Knopf, 1992); Dana C. Elder, “A Rhetoric of Etiquette for the ‘True Man’ of the Gilded Age,” Rhetoric Review, vol. 21, no. 2 (2002), 155, 159.

  6. Ki he ʻikai ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ʻa e tapaká, vakai, Brigham Young, Discourse, Feb. 8, 1868, Papers of George D. Watt, transcribed by LaJean Purcell Carruth, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

  7. Brigham Young, Discourse, Feb. 8, 1868. Naʻe liliu ʻa e fakaleá ʻi he konga naʻe pulusí ke ʻasi ai ko e lāunga ʻkae ʻikai ko ha hohaʻa: “ko e lāunga ʻa hono uaifí ʻi hono fakamaʻa ʻa e faliki kuo fuʻu ʻulí” (“Remarks,” 2).

  8. Vakai, “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 113, josephsmithpapers.org; naʻe fakatonutonu e fakaʻilonga leá; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89:8.

  9. Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans, 2 vols. (London, 1832), 2:101. ʻI he 1800, naʻe ʻiloʻi hono lava ʻe he tapaká ke faitoʻo ha ngaahi puke kehekehe: langa kete, huhu ʻa e ngatá, puke ʻi he siʻsiʻi hono maʻu e fuaʻiʻakaú, hangatāmaki, “valé,” mo ha ngaahi mahaki kehekehe lahi. Ka ʻi he mafola ko ia ʻi he kalasi lotolotó ʻa hono toʻo ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fakamahamakí mei he sosaietí ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi kimuʻa ʻi he senituli 19, naʻe fakaangaʻi leva ai ʻe ha kakai tokolahi hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e tapaká. Naʻe kamata ke ʻiloa e tapaká ko ha “ʻakau ʻuli,” pea kamata ke lahi ange hano fakakau atu ki ai mo e ngaahi foʻi lea hangē ko e “palakū” mo e “fakatupu ʻita.” Vakai, Lester E. Bush Jr., “The Word of Wisdom in Early Nineteenth-Century Perspective,” Dialogue, vol. 14 (Fall 1981), 56; “For the Evening Post,” New York Evening Post, June 27, 1829, [2].

  10. Vakai, W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 25–57; W. J. Rorabaugh, “Alcohol in America,” OAH Magazine of History, vol. 6 (Fall 1991), 17–19; Peter C. Mancall, “‘The Art of Getting Drunk’ in Colonial Massachusetts,” Reviews in American History, vol. 24 (Sept. 1996), 383.

  11. Vakai, Gordon Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 339; Joseph F. Kett, “Temperance and Intemperance as Historical Problems,” Journal of American History, vol. 67 (Mar. 1981), 881; Rorabaugh, “Alcohol in America,” 17.

  12. Vakai, Mark Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History, rev. and exp. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1987), 35.

  13. Vakai, Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1979); James R. Rohrer, “The Origins of the Temperance Movement: A Reinterpretation,” Journal of American Studies, vol. 24 (Aug. 1990), 230–31; Lyman Beecher, Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance (New York: American Tract Society, 1827), 194; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 166–68. Naʻe fokotuʻu he Sosaieti Fakafuofua ʻa ʻAmeliká ha tohi aleapau ke tapui e ʻolokaholo kotoa pē ʻi he 1831. Vakai, Robert H. Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and Religious Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 98.

  14. Vakai, Christopher G. Crary, Pioneer and Personal Reminiscences (Marshalltown, Iowa: Marshall Printing, 1893), 25. ʻOku ou houngaʻia kia ʻEnitī Hetisesi ki hono ʻai ke u ʻiloʻi ʻa e maʻuʻanga fakamatala ko ʻení.

  15. Vakai, “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 113; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89:5. Ko e foʻi lea ko e “inu mālohí” ko ha kupuʻi lea fakatohitapu ia ʻo ʻuhinga ki he uainé, ka naʻe toe fakalahi atu ia ʻe kinautolu naʻa nau fai e liliú ke fakakau mai ki he fakaʻuhingá ʻa e ʻolokaholó. Vakai, Addison Parker, Address Delivered before the Southbridge Temperance Society, on the Evening of Dec. 1, 1830 (Southbridge: Josiah Snow, 1830), 7–8; Fifth Report of the American Temperance Society, Presented at the Meeting in Boston, May 1832 (Boston: Aaron Russell, 1832), 47, 95, 112.

  16. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89:6; vakai foki, “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 113.

  17. Naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e fakafuofuá kae ʻikai ko e tapuí ki he meʻa kotoa pē “ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke tau maʻú” ʻi he Lea ʻo e Potó kae ʻoua ke aʻu ki he konga kimuʻa ʻo e senituli 20. Fekauʻaki mo e fefeka hono tauhi e Lea ʻo e Potó, vakai, Thomas G. Alexander, Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 258–71; Paul H. Peterson and Ronald W. Walker, “Brigham Young’s Word of Wisdom Legacy,” BYU Studies, vol. 42, nos. 3–4 (2003), 29–64.

  18. Rorabaugh, Alcoholic Republic, 99–100.

  19. Vakai, Bush, “The Word of Wisdom in Early Nineteenth-Century Perspective,” 52.

  20. Vakai, Paul H. Peterson, “An Historical Analysis of the Word of Wisdom” (master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1972), 32–33; “The Word of Wisdom,” Times and Seasons, vol. 3 (June 1, 1842), 800.

  21. Vakai, “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 113; “City Marshall’s Department,” City Gazette and Commercial [Charleston, South Carolina], Apr. 18, 1823, 3; “Gaming,” Berks and Schuylkill Journal (Reading, Pennsylvania), Jan. 8, 1825, 3.

  22. “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 114; vakai foki, “Revelation, 7 May 1831 [D&C 49],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 81, josephsmithpapers.org.

  23. Vakai, “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 113.

  24. ʻI he fakamatala ʻa ha taha ʻo e kau mataotaó, naʻá ne pehē ʻoku hanga ʻe he ʻolokaholó “ʻo ʻai ke puputuʻu ʻenau ongó, fakangatangata ʻenau ʻatamai leleí, fakavaivaiʻi e mālohi ki hono fakamolū ʻo e meʻatokoní, pea aʻu pē ʻo langa e keté, ʻo hoko ai ha mahaki fakalilifu te ne uesia e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá” (“On Drunkenness,” Connecticut Herald, Feb. 21, 1826, 1). Ki ha ngaahi fakakikihi kehe, vakai, “Twenty Dollars Reward,” Daily National Intelligencer, Sept. 23, 1823, 4; “Rev. Isaac McCoy,” New Hampshire Repository, vol. 6 (May 3, 1824), 70; “From the Times and Advertiser,” Times and Hartford Advertiser, Jan. 3, 1826, 4.

  25. ʻOku ʻikai ke pehē ia naʻe fakafalala e ngaahi fokotuʻutuʻu kotoa pē ki he moʻui leleí ʻi he taimi ko iá ʻi ha fakafekiki ne fakamaʻalaʻala. Vakai, hangē ko ʻení, Samuel Underhill’s propositions in Mark Lyman Staker, Hearken, O Ye People: The Historical Setting for Joseph Smith’s Ohio Revelations (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2009), 110. Ki ha ngaahi founga kehe naʻe ngalingali makehe ai e Lea ʻo e Potó mei he taukei naʻe ʻosi talí, vakai, Steven C. Harper, Making Sense of the Doctrine and Covenants: A Guided Tour through Modern Revelations (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2008), 332–33. Naʻe feinga ha niʻihi ʻo e Kāingalotú ʻi he senituli 20 ke toʻo e ngaahi kemikale koví mei ha ngaahi meʻa ne tapui ʻe he Lea ʻo e Potó, ka naʻe ʻikai pē ke teitei tali e faʻahinga founga ia ko iá ko ha tokāteline ʻo e Siasí he ʻokú ne fakaʻuhingaʻi hala ʻe ia ʻa e fakahaá. Vakai, John A. Widtsoe and Leah D. Widtsoe, The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1950).

  26. “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Sidney Gilbert, Notebook, 114–15.

  27. Vakai, Harper, Making Sense of the Doctrine and Covenants, 328.

  28. ʻI he 1840, naʻe holo hifo ki he kālani pē ʻe tolu ʻa hono maʻu ʻe he tokotaha ʻi ʻAmelika, ʻa ia ko e holo lahi taha ia kuo hoko ʻi ha taʻu ʻe 10 ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo ʻAmeliká. Vakai, Lender and Martin, Drinking in America, 71–72; Tyrrell, Sobering Up, 225–51.

  29. Zebedee Coltrin reminiscence, ʻi he Salt Lake School of the Prophets, Minutes, Oct. 3 1883, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.