Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Ko e Feituʻu Tānakiʻangá

“Ko e Feituʻu Tānakiʻangá,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá (2016)

“Ko e Feituʻu Tānakiʻangá,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá

Ko e Feituʻu Tānakiʻangá

T&F 52, 57, 58

Jed Woodworth

Tauʻatāina, Mīsuli

ʻI he kotoa ʻo e hisitōlia lōloa ʻo e Hihifó, naʻe fakaʻānaua ʻa e faʻahinga Kalisitiane kotoa ki ha langi foʻou mo ha māmani foʻou. Ko e vīsone fakaofo ʻa Sione Fakahaá ki he “kolo māʻoniʻoni, ko Selusalema foʻoú, ʻoku ʻalu hifo mei he ʻOtuá mei langí,” ʻo ne teuteu ʻa e hala ki he liuaki mai ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi ko e ʻEiki mo e Tuʻí, kuó ne fakatupu ha ʻamanaki mo e fakaʻamu ʻa ha tokolahi. Ko e hā ʻa e Selusalema Foʻoú? Naʻe tatau nai, mo e fakakikihi ʻa Sangato ʻOkusitinó, ko hano heliaki ʻo e tāpuaki ki he “moʻui taʻe-faʻa-mate mo e moʻui taʻengata ʻa e kau māʻoniʻoní”? Pe ʻoku ʻikai toe heliaki, ʻo hangē ko e tui ʻa e Kau Palotisani ʻAmeliká ʻi he senituli 17 ʻi he taimi naʻa nau fakakaukau ai ko honau koloniá ko ha toe maʻuʻanga ivi fakalotu, ko ha ʻIngilani “Foʻou”?

Naʻe kei kamata foʻou hake ʻa e Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisi kuo fakafoki maí—teʻeki ai ke aʻu ʻo māhina ʻe ono—ʻi he taimi naʻe kamata ke fakakaukau ai ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ke nau sioloto ki he Selusalema Foʻoú ʻi heʻenau founga pē ʻanautolú. Naʻe ʻikai fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fuofua fakahā kimuʻa ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá ʻa e meʻá ni ko ha fakatātā pe ko ha kolonia. Ka, ko ha kolo kuo pau ke langa ʻe he Kāingalotú. Ko Selusalema Foʻoú, ʻa ia naʻe toe ui ko Saioné, ʻe hoko ia ko ha hūfangaʻanga, ko ha feituʻu ʻo e melino, ko ha “feituʻu tānakiʻanga.”

Ne haʻu ha fehuʻi ʻe ua ʻi he taimi pē ko iá ki heʻeku fakakukaú, ʻo kau ki he Kāingalotú. Ko e ʻuluakí pe ko e fē ʻe langa ai ʻe he ʻEikí ʻa e Selusalema Foʻoú. Ko hono uá pe ko hai ʻe talitali lelei ki he koló. Naʻe tomuʻa maʻu ha tali ʻi he fakahā naʻe fai kia Siosefa Sāmita ʻi ʻAokosi 1830, ʻo tuʻutuʻuni ʻa ʻŌliva Kautele, Paʻale P. Pālati, mo ha niʻihi kehe ke nau fou fakahihifo mo malanga atu ai pē. Naʻe fekau ʻe he ʻEikí, “Ke mou ō ki he kau Leimaná,” ʻo ʻuhinga ki he hingoa naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau fuofua Kāingalotú ki he kau ʻInitia ʻAmeliká, “ʻo malanga ʻaki ʻeku ongoongoleleí kiate kinautolu … [pea] tuku ke fokotuʻu hoku siasí ʻi honau lotolotongá.” Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá ko e feituʻu ki he koló, ʻe ʻi he “lotolotonga [ia] ʻo e kau Leimaná.”

Ne malanga ʻa e kulupu ʻa Kautelé ʻi Ketilani, mo ʻOhaiō, pea nau fakaului ai ha tokolahi. Ne nau folau ʻi he maile ʻe laungeau ʻi he tongá mo e hihifó, ʻo aʻu mai ki he ngaahi ngataʻanga fakahihifo ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e siteiti ko Mīsulí pea mo e Vahefonua ʻInitiá. Naʻa nau malanga ki ha ngaahi matakali kehekehe ka naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo tuʻutuʻuni ʻe he kau fakafofonga puleʻanga naʻa nau tokangaʻi ʻa e vā ʻo e kakai hinehiná mo e kau ʻInitiá, ke nau mavahe mei he potu fonuá. Ko ha ongoongo fakalotosiʻi ʻeni, ka naʻe ʻikai ʻunua ai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita, koeʻuhí he naʻe pouaki ia ʻe he leʻo ʻo e ʻOtuá. ʻI ha fakahā ʻoku ʻiloa he taimí ni ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 52, naʻe ʻomai ʻi Sune 1831, naʻe fekau ai ʻe he ʻEikí ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ke fononga ki Mīsuli ko e, “fonua te u fakatapui maʻa hoku kakaí.” ʻE fakahā ai kiate ia ʻa e tuʻuʻanga ki he kolo ko Saioné.

Pea hangē ko ia naʻá Ne fai ki he fonua ko Kēnaní ʻi he taʻu ʻe laui afe kimuʻá, naʻe ʻafioʻi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻoku toputapu ʻa e fonuá kimuʻa pea toki nofoʻi ʻe Hono kakai ʻo e fuakavá, pea hangē pē ko Kēnani kimuʻá, naʻe ʻosi ʻi ai ʻa e kakai ʻi Mīsuli pea toki aʻu atu ʻa e kakai ʻo e fuakavá. Ko e feituʻu naʻe ui ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau fakataha ki aí ʻoku ʻi ai hano hisitōlia lōloa mo faingataʻa ʻi hono nofoʻí.

Ngaahi Ngataʻanga naʻe Fakakikihiʻí

ʻI heʻene taimi pē naʻe aʻu ai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki Mīsulí, naʻá ne ʻilo ʻi ha fakahā, ko e tuʻuʻanga ʻo e kolo ko Saioné ʻoku ʻi he fonua naʻe tuʻu ʻi lalo ʻi ha foʻi piko he Vaitafe Mīsulí, naʻe maile nai ʻe 10 ʻi he fakahahake ʻo e fonua ʻo e kau ʻInitia-Mīsuli (ʻi he lolotongá ni ko e kauʻāfonua Mīsuli-Kenisasí ia). Ne hoko ʻa e ʻēlia ko ʻeni ʻi he fakahihifo ʻo Mīsulí ko ha ʻapi ki he ngaahi matakali Sooni Lotolotó. Naʻe aʻu mai pē ki he taʻu 1600 tupú, mo e kei hiki ʻa e kau ʻInitia mei he kulupu lea fakafonua ko ʻení ki he tongá mei he Teleʻa ʻo e Vaitafe ʻOhaioó, ʻo fou hifo ʻi he Vaitafe Misisipí, pea toki fakahihifo ʻo fou atu ʻi he konga ki lalo ʻo Mīsulí, pea nau nofo ʻi he kelekele lelei mo moʻui ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e vaotā ʻi he hahaké mo e Ngaahi Fonua Tokalelei ʻi he hihifó.

Hili ha taʻu ʻe teau ʻo e taʻe-manonga ʻi hano hanga ʻe he ngaahi mahaki mei ʻIulope ʻo fakaʻauha ha tokolahi ʻo e kakai tuʻu-fonuá, ne toe fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e kakai Sooni Lotolotó ki ha ngaahi matakali kehekehe. Ko e kau Wha-haz-he (“ko e kakai ʻo e veʻe vaitafé”)—ʻa ia naʻe fakanounou‘i ʻe he kau Falaniseé ko e kau ʻŌsasí—ʻa ia ko e kakai tokolahi taha ia ʻo e koló ʻi he konga ki lalo ʻo e Vaitafe Mīsulí. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻo pehē “ko ha kakai lōloa, kaukaua, tupu lalahi pea fōtunga hangē ha kau saienití,” pea naʻe langa ʻe he kau ʻŌsasí honau nofoʻangá ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Vaitafe ʻŌsasí ʻi he tokelau lotoloto ʻo Mīsulí pea mo e Vaitafe Mīsulí, ofi ki Tauʻatāina (Independence) ʻo e ʻaho ní. Ko honau ngaahi falé, naʻe tuʻu ʻi ha ngaahi tafaʻaki māʻolunga ʻo hanga hifo ki he tafaʻaki ki ʻutá, naʻe langa ia ʻaki hano pikoʻi ha ngaahi sinoʻi ʻakau kei iiki ke maʻu ʻa e ʻaleso ki he ʻató pea naʻe faʻa aʻu he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻo fute ʻe 100. Ko e kakai tulimanu fakatahataha ko ʻení mo honau faʻunga fakapolitikale kehekehé pea mo ʻenau fekāingaʻaki faikehé naʻa nau tokolahi taha ʻi he feituʻu ki lalo ʻo e Vaitafe Mīsulí ʻi ha ngaahi senituli.

Ko e feituʻu ofi ko ia ki Misulí, naʻe ʻikai ko e “fakapitengaʻanga” ia ʻo e kakai ʻŌsasí, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe hoko ʻi he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí. Naʻe puleʻi ʻe he kakai ʻŌsasí ia ha meimei vaheua ʻe taha ʻo Mīsuli, ʻOkalahoma, ʻĀkenisā, pea mo Kenisesi ʻo e ʻaho ní. Ko e uhouhonga ʻo honau puleʻangá naʻe ʻi he feituʻu tonga lotoloto ʻo Mīsulí, kae ʻikai ko e kauʻāfonua fakahihifo ʻo e siteití.

Naʻe ʻi ai ha ngaahi kulupu naʻa nau feʻauhi mo e kau ʻŌsasí ki he fonua ʻe ui kimui ʻe he Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ko Selusalema Foʻoú. Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he lahi ko ia ʻo e feituʻu maomaonganoa ʻi he ʻAmelika Noaté, ha ngaahi fakaʻamu ʻa e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi puleʻanga ʻIulopé. Naʻe talaki ʻe Sipeini honau mafaí ki he lotolotonga kotoa ʻo ʻAmelika Noaté ʻi 1539, pea ke ʻoua te nau mālohi, naʻe puke leva ʻa e kau Falaniseé ʻi he 1682 ʻa e kotoa ʻo ʻAmelika Noate ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ʻOtu Moʻunga ʻApalasianí ʻi he potu hahaké pea mo e ʻOtu moʻunga Maká ki he potu hihifó. Naʻe siʻi ha fakamatala ia ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ni fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi matakali ʻInitiá ʻo hangē ko e kau ʻŌsasí, ʻi heʻenau tokanga ki he ngaahi konga fonua lingolingoa he veʻe Vaitafe Misulí, ofi ki Tauʻatāiná. Naʻe nofo taha pē tokanga ia ʻa ʻIulopé ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo honau ngaahi fonua haú, ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku lelei ai ʻa e ngaahi ngāueʻangá mo faingofua ʻa e halanga vaká—ʻa ē ne hoko ko Kānata, pea mo e ʻotu motu Kalipiané.

Naʻe ui ʻe he kau Falaniseé ʻa e ngaahi konga fonua lahi naʻa nau maʻu ʻiate kinautolu peé ko Luisiana, ʻa ia ko e hingoa ʻo e tuʻi ʻo Falaniseé. Naʻe faifai pea foaki ʻa e fonuá ki he nima ʻo e kau Sipeiní pea toe fakafoki pē ki he kau Falaniseé, pea ne nau fakatau leva ki he ʻIunaitei Siteití ʻi he Fakatau Luisiana ʻo e 1803. Naʻe hoko ʻa e fakataú ko ha meʻa ke maʻu ai ʻa e kelekele ʻi he kahaʻú ki he kolo ko Saioné.

Naʻe ʻomai ʻe he Fakatau ʻo Luisianá (Louisiana Purchase) ha kau nofo fonua foʻou ko ha kau tangataʻifonua ki Mīsuli, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ko e siteiti ʻi he 1821. Naʻe ʻomai ai ʻa e faʻahinga faʻunga puleʻanga tatau naʻe ʻi he ngaahi siteiti kehé ki Mīsuli. Ne ʻave ʻe he kau tangataʻifonua ʻi he kauʻāfonua fakahihifó haʻanau tohi tangi ki he kau faʻu lao ʻo Mīsulí ko hono fokotuuʻutuʻu foʻou ʻo e fonuá, pea ʻi he 1827, naʻe fokotuʻu leva ʻe he kau faʻu laó ʻa e Vahefonua Siakisoní. Naʻe hoko heni ʻa e kolo nofoʻi foʻou ko Tauʻatāiná, ʻa ia ʻoku tuʻu ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e Vaitafe Mīsulí ʻi he hala fefakatauʻaki naʻe ui ko e Hala Sanita Feí (Snata Fe Trail), ko e tuʻuʻanga ʻo e puleʻangá.

Ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57, ʻa ia naʻe foaki ʻi he tūʻuta pē ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he fakahihifo ʻo Mīsulí, naʻá ne fakataukeiʻi ʻa e Kāingalotú ʻi he feituʻu tui fakapolitikale kehekehé ni. Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá ko e “feituʻu tānakiʻanga” ki Saioné, ʻe tuʻu ia ʻi he “potu ʻoku ui he taimí ni ko Tauʻatāiná,” ka ʻi he taimi ko iá naʻe ʻikai ke toe tokolahi ange ʻa e kau nofó ʻi ha laungeau siʻi pē. Ko e kau nofo foʻou pālangi ʻi he taimi ko ʻení naʻa nau faʻa nofo taʻe-fakalao pē ʻi he konga kelekelé, ʻo lau ʻoku ʻikai maʻu ʻe ha taha kimuʻa pea toki lesisita ʻenau talaʻapí ʻi he fakamaauʻanga ʻo e vahe-fonuá. Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá fekauʻaki mo e fale fakamaauʻanga ko ʻení—ʻoku totonu ke langa ha temipale ʻi hono tafaʻaki fakahihifó. ʻI he taimi naʻe maʻu mai ai ʻa e fakahaá, kuo ʻosi nofoʻi e konga lahi ia ʻo e fonuá, pea naʻe fiemaʻu leva ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau fai ha alea mo kinautolu naʻa nau maʻu fakalao e kelekele ko iá. Naʻe ʻomi ʻe he fakahaá ʻoku ʻikai fiemaʻu ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau fakakikihi ke maʻu ʻa e fonua tapú ʻaki ʻa fakamālohi ʻo hangē ko ia ne fakahoko ʻe he kakai ʻIsilelí ʻi Kēnani ʻi he ngaahi taʻu lahi kimuʻá. Naʻe folofola ʻa e ʻEikí, “Ko e potó ke fakatau mai ʻa e kelekelé ni ʻe he kāingalotú.”

Ko e Kakai Toputapu

ʻI ha ngaahi toʻu tangata lahi, naʻe ʻi ai ha kakai ʻIulope tokosiʻi—ʻo meimei ko ha kau fefakatauʻaki Sipeini mo Falanisē—naʻa nau nofo ʻi he kakai ʻInitiá ʻi he veʻe Vaitafe Mīsulí, ne nau femaliʻaki mo kinautolu, mo fefakatauʻaki mo kinautolu. Ka ʻi he hiki fakahihifo atu ʻa e ngaahi fāmili pālangí, ʻo nofoʻi ʻa e fonua naʻe nofo ai ʻa e kakai ʻInitiá, naʻa nau mātuʻaki fakasītuʻaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakafetongi tukufakaholo ko ʻení. Naʻe fiemaʻu ʻe he kau pālangí ke tuli ʻa e kau ʻInitia kotoa pē pea mei he siteití. Naʻe meimei foaki ʻe he faʻahinga kakai kotoa pē ne nofo ʻi ha laui senituli ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo Mīsulí ʻa e kotoa ʻenau vahefonuá ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1824 mo e 1830. Naʻe fakatau ʻe he kau ʻOsasi mālohí honau keheleké ʻi he 1825 pea nau hiki ʻo toe mamaʻo ange ki he hihifó ki Kenisasi mo ʻOkalahoma. ʻI he taimi naʻe aʻu atu ai ʻa e Kāingalotú ki he Vahefonua Siakisoní ʻi he 1831, kuo ʻosi liʻaki ʻe he kau ʻInitiá ia honau ngaahi nofoʻangá pea nau hiki ki ha feituʻu ʻo fakalaka ʻi he ngataʻanga foʻou naʻe ʻosi fokotuʻu ʻo ne vaheʻi ʻa e ngaahi potu-fonua ʻo e kau ʻInitiá mei he kau pālangí.

Naʻe mahino ki he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57 ʻoku ʻi ai ha laine ki he nofo ko ʻení ka naʻe ʻikai ke ne poupouʻi. Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá ʻoku totonu ke langa ʻa Saione ʻi he “tafaʻaki laine ʻoku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kakai Siú mo e kakai Senitailé,” pe ko e laine ʻokú ne fakamavaheʻi ʻa e siteiti ʻo Mīsulí mei he Potufonua ʻo e kau ʻInitiá ki he hihifó. Neongo ia, naʻe ʻikai ke tali ʻe he fakahaá ʻa e ngaahi fakafaʻafaʻahinga angamahení, tautautefito ki hono fakaʻaongaʻi faikehe ʻa e ongo kupuʻi lea Siú mo e Senitailé. Ko e ngaahi lea angamaheni naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kakai ʻAmeliká ko e—pālangí mo e ʻInitiá pe hinehiná mo e lanu kulokulá—naʻá ne fokotuʻu ha ʻā-vahevahe fakamatakali mo fakafonua. Naʻe kehekehe ʻaupito ʻa e ongo kulupu ko ʻení, pea naʻe faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau pālangí ʻa e foʻi lea ko ʻení ke fakamamafaʻi ʻa e faikehekehé.

Neongo ia, naʻe kei fakahā mai ʻe he faʻahinga ʻo e Siú mo e Senitailé, ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he ongo kulupu ko ʻení kae ʻikai ko e meʻa naʻá na faitatau aí. Naʻe ʻi ai ha fatongia pau fakatouʻosi ʻa e kau Siú mo e Senitailé ʻi he palani mahuʻinga ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻo fakatatau ki he Tohi ʻa Molomoná. Naʻe fakaafeʻi kinaua ʻe he ʻOtuá ke na ngāue fakataha. Naʻe ʻalu atu ʻa e ongoongoleleí mei he kau Siú ʻi he kuonga kimuʻá, ko ha kakai fuakava ʻa e ʻOtuá ki he kau Senitailé, ʻa ia ne nau fakahoko leva ha fuakava. ʻI he ngaahi ʻaho kimuí ʻe mafuli ʻa e faʻungá—ʻe ʻalu atu ʻa e ongoongoleleí mei he kakai Senitailé ki he kakai Siú, ʻa ia te nau aʻu ʻo ʻiloʻi ko Sīsū ʻa e Mīsaiá. ʻOku toe fakaongo mai ʻe he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57 ʻa e faʻunga fuakava ko ʻení ʻaki hono fakamahino ko e kakai ʻInitiá ko e kakai Siu, pea ʻoku lau ai ʻi he foungá ni ʻa e kulupú ko ha konga ʻo e kakai fuakava ʻo e ʻOtuá. Ko e kakai ʻInitiá ʻoku ʻo e fale ʻo ʻIsilelí, naʻe fili, ʻofeina, mo manatua ʻe he ʻOtuá.

Ko e taimi naʻe fakamavaheʻi ai ʻa e kakai ʻInitiá—naʻe hoko hono fakamavaheʻi ʻa e matakali ʻe tahá mei he tahá—ko ha tuʻutuʻuni fakafonua ʻo e puleʻanga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití, pea hiki leva ʻa e ngaahi fakahā ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá ki ha meʻa kehe. Naʻe ʻikai ke tukuhifo ʻa e kakai ʻInitiá, kae teke pē kinautolu ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e moʻui fakasivilaisé, ka naʻe ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi fakahaá ʻa Saione kiate kinautolu, ʻo fokotuʻu ʻa e kolo māʻoniʻoni ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi honau lotolotongá. Naʻe pau ke maʻu ʻa Saione ʻi he kakai Siú mo e kakai Senitailé, pea ʻi he ngaahi matakalí. ʻI he fokotuʻutuʻu ko ʻení, ʻe lava leva ʻa e kakai ʻo ha ngaahi matakali kehekehe ʻo fakahoko ha fatongia mahuʻinga ʻi he ngāue ʻa e ʻOtuá. Ko e kakai kotoa pē, neongo pe ko e fē ha feituʻu ne nau haʻu mei aí, kapau te nau loto ʻaki, te nau lava ʻo “loto maʻa” pea nofo ʻi Saione ʻi he malu mo e nonga.

Ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 58, naʻe foaki ia ʻi he kei ʻi Mīsuli ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá, pea naʻá ne ʻomai ʻa e kānokato ʻo e vīsone ko ʻení. Naʻe ʻikai lave ʻa e fakahaá ki ha meʻa fekauʻaki mo e kau ʻInitiá mo e kau pālangí. Naʻe ʻikai fai ha lau ia ki he kau Siú mo e Senitailé ʻi he taimi ko ʻení. Ka, naʻe fakamatala ʻa e fakahaá “ki he kakai ʻo e māmaní,” ʻo fakatahaʻi fakakātoa ʻa e fānau ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻe fakamatala ʻa e fakahaá ʻo pehē ko Saioné ko ha feituʻu ʻe “fakaafeʻi ki ai ʻa e ngaahi puleʻanga kotoa pē.”

ʻE fepaki ʻa e foʻi lea ko e puleʻangá mo e kau lau makasini ʻi he 1830 tupú, he ko e foʻi lea ia naʻe fakatou fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he kau ʻInitiá mo e kau pālangí ke fakamatalaʻi ʻaki ʻa e ʻiuniti lahi taha ʻo ʻenau kautaha fakapolitikalé. Naʻe hoko atu ʻa e fakahaá fekauʻaki mo Saione pea ʻe kau ai e kakai “koloaʻiá mo e akonekiná, mo e potó pea mo e houʻeikí”—ʻoku ʻi ai honau mālohi fakapolitikale mo fakasōsiale. Ka naʻe toe fakakau foki ai ʻa e kakai ʻoku ʻikai ke nau maʻu ʻa e faʻahinga mālohi peheé, mo kinautolu naʻe anga ʻaki hono fakangaloʻi mo fakamavaheʻí: “a e masivá, ʻa e heké, pea mo e kuí mo e tulí.” Ko hono moʻoní, ko e kotoa ʻo e fānau ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻoku totonu ke ʻi ai hanau nofoʻanga ʻi he keinangaʻanga tatau. ʻOku totonu ke nau ʻinasi kotoa ʻi he feituʻu toputapu ʻo e ʻOtuá, ʻo fakamaʻu kotoa kinautolu ʻi he fuakavá.

Aofangatukú

ʻI loto ʻi he taʻu ʻe ua ʻo e ngaahi fakahā ko ʻeni ʻi he Vahefonua Siakisoní, naʻe tutu ʻa Saione, pea hola ʻa hono kakaí mei he kau fakatangá. Naʻe holomui e Kāingalotú mei he Vahefonua Siakisoní, kae ʻikai mei he ngāue ki hono faʻu ʻo Saioné ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Siú mo e Senitailé, ʻuluakí ʻi Nāvuú pea kimui ange ʻi he feituʻu toafa ʻo e Teleʻa Lahí. Ko fē pē ha feituʻu naʻe nofoʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú, naʻa nau fakaafeʻi ʻa e kakai mei he feituʻu kotoa pē ke nau kau fakataha. Naʻa mo e ʻahó ni ko e vīsone ko ia ʻo ha kakai ʻo Saione ʻe “fakaafeʻi ki ai ʻa e ngaahi puleʻanga kotoa” ke nau maʻu ha hūfangaʻanga mo ha nongá, ʻokú ne ueʻi fakalaumālie ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní. Naʻe hoko atu pē ʻa e ngaahi feinga, talaʻofa, mo e ʻamanaki lelei ki he ngaahi fakahā ne ʻomi kimuʻa ʻi Mīsulí.

  1. Fakahā 21:2–5, 7

  2. Ki he meʻá ni mo ha ngaahi fakakaukau kehe, vakai, A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature, ed. David Lyle Jeffrey (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1992), “New Jerusalem,” 546–48.

  3. John Winthrop, “Model of Christian Charity” [1630], Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 7 (1838), 47; spelling modernized; Francis J. Bremer, Building a New Jerusalem: John Davenport, a Puritan in Three Worlds (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 174–79.

  4. Naʻe ʻasi ʻa e Selusalema Foʻoú ʻi he Tohi ʻa Molomoná, pea kamata fakamatala ʻa e ngaahi fakahaá ki ha feituʻu pau ʻo kamata mei Fēpueli 1831 (vakai, 3 Nīfai 21:23–24; ʻEta 13:3–6; Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 42:35, 62).

  5. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 45:66–71; 57:3.

  6. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 28:8; vakai foki, Ronald E. Romig, “The Lamanite Mission,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, vol. 14 (1994), 25–33.

  7. “Revelation, September 1830–B [D&C 28],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 41, josephsmithpapers.org. Naʻe toe fakaleleiʻi ʻa e potu-folofolá kimui ke fakalea ʻo pehē “ʻi he ngaahi ngataʻanga fonua ofi ki he kau Leimaná” (vakai, Book of Commandments (1833) 30:9 [Tokāteline mo e ngaahi Fuakava 28:9]).

  8. ʻOku kau ʻi he ngaahi matakali ko ʻení ʻa e kakai Sōní mo e kakai Tilaueá, ʻa ia naʻe fetuku mei he hahaké. Vakai, Documents, Volume 1: July 1828–June 1831, vol. 1 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, ed. Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, and Richard Lyman Bushman (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2013), 288–94.

  9. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 52:2–3.

  10. Nōmipa 33:53; 34:2.

  11. Tanis C. Thorne, The Many Hands of My Relations: French and Indians on the Lower Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996), 13–14, 16–17, 20; Louis F. Burns, A History of the Osage People (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 3, 22.

  12. William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, and Lawrence O. Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, 3rd ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2004), 13.

  13. Willard H. Rollings, The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 23–26, 45–66; Gilbert C. Din and A. P. Nasatir, The Imperial Osages: Spanish-Indian Diplomacy in the Mississippi Valley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 11–14.

  14. Burns, History of the Osage People, 25–28, 30, 46.

  15. Ko e feituʻu Tauʻatāiná naʻe teʻeki ai fakahingoa ia pe ʻiloa ʻi he ngaahi mape ʻo e senituli 18. Vakai, Din and Nasatir, The Imperial Osages, 40–41, 64, 288–89, 338–39.

  16. Naʻe maʻu e hingoa Mīsulí ʻi he taʻu 1970 tupú, ʻi he taimi naʻe tā ai ʻe ha faifekau Falanisē ko Siaki Makeleta, ha mape ʻo ui ko e Ou-Mīsuli ʻo ofi ki he vaitafe ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e hingoa ko iá, ʻa ia ko hono liliu ia ʻo e faʻahinga naʻe nofo pē ʻi he veʻe vaitafé. Naʻe angamaheni ʻaki hono ʻave ʻe he kau ʻOsasí ʻa e fonuá ki he feituʻu fakatonga ʻo e vaitafé, pea ki he fakatokelaú leva ʻa Mīsuli.

  17. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57:3.

  18. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57:4. Naʻe tuʻu ʻa e fale hopó ʻi he feituʻu māʻolunga taha ʻi he ʻēliá. ʻI hono fokotuʻu e temipalé ʻi ha feituʻu ofi atú, naʻe fakafehoanaki ai ʻe he fakahaá ʻa e temipale ʻo e Selusalema Foʻoú ki he temipale ʻi Selusalemá, koeʻuhí naʻe tuʻu foki ia ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻolunga. Mark Roscoe Ashurst-McGee, “Zion Rising: Joseph Smith’s Early Social and Political Thought” (PhD diss., Arizona State University, 2008), 233.

  19. Thorne, Many Hands, 76–86, 96–97, 135–76.

  20. Kau ai ʻa e faʻahinga ko ʻení, makehe mei he kau ʻOsasí, Mīsuli, Seki, Foakesi, ʻAiouei, Telauea, mo e Siaonií, mo ha niʻihi kehe. Naʻe ʻikai ke foaki ʻe he kau Mīsulí ʻa honau ngaahi fonua ʻi he siteití kae ʻoua kuo aʻu mai ki he taʻu 1854. Vakai, Billy J. McMahon, “‘Humane and Considerate Attention’: Indian Removal from Missouri, 1803–1838” (master’s thesis, Northwest Missouri State University, 2013), 7–8, 75–83; John P. Bowes, Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Charles J. Kappler, comp., Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 217–21.

  21. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57:4.

  22. Vakai, hangē ko ʻení, Nancy Shoemaker, A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

  23. 1 Nīfai 15:13–17; 22:8–9; 3 Nīfai 21:2–5.

  24. ʻOku lau ha ngaahi fakahā ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu kehe ki he “kakai Siú, ʻa ia ko hanau hako ʻa e kakai Leimaná” (Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 19:27). Ko e ngaahi fakaʻuhinga kehekehe ʻo e foʻi lea Siú ʻi he folofola ʻo onopōní, vakai, Victor L. Ludlow, “Jew(s),” in Dennis L. Largey, ed., Book of Mormon Reference Companion (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2003), 463–64; Thomas R. Valetta, “Jew(s),” in Dennis L. Largey and Larry E. Dahl, eds., Doctrine and Covenants Reference Companion (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2012), 315–16.

  25. Naʻe kamata mei he tohi ʻa Thorowgood ko e Jewes in America (1650), naʻe lau ʻe he kakai Pilitānia mo e kau Palotisani ʻAmeliká ko e kakai ʻInitiá ko e hako mei he faʻahinga ʻe hongofulu ʻo ʻIsilei ʻoku molé. Ko e faʻahinga fakakaukau peheé naʻe faʻa taimi nounou pē. Naʻe fulihi ʻe he ngaahi fakahā kia Siosefa Sāmitá, ʻa e fakamatala angamaheni ʻo e senituli 19 fekauʻaki mo e kakai tuʻu fonuá tokua ko ha kakai “puli,” ʻaki hono ʻoange ki he “toenga ʻo e hako ʻo Sēkopé” ha fatongia fai fakamoʻui ʻi he ngaahi ʻaho kimui he hisitōlia ʻo māmaní. Vakai, Jared Hickman, “The Book of Mormon as Amerindian Apocalypse,” American Literature, vol. 86, no. 3 (Sept. 2014), 429–61; see also Andrew Delbanco, The Puritan Ordeal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 110.

  26. ʻI he malumalu ʻo e Lao ki he Toʻo ʻo e kakai ʻInitiá (Indian Removal Act), naʻe hoko leva ʻa hono toʻo ʻo e kakai ʻInitiá ko ha tuʻutuʻuni fakafonua ʻi he 1830. Vakai, Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002).

  27. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 57:4.

  28. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 97:21.

  29. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 58:48.

  30. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 58:9.

  31. Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 58:8, 10–11. Naʻe toe fakaʻuhingaʻi kehe ʻe he potufolofolá ʻa e talafakatātā ki he taʻane ʻa e foha ʻo e tuʻí (vakai, Mātiu 22:1–14 ʻi ha ʻuhinga fakaonopooni.

  32. Neongo naʻe ʻikai ke moʻui ʻaki maʻu pē ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ʻa ʻenau ngaahi tuʻunga moʻuí ʻi heʻenau fengāueʻaki mo e kakai ʻInitiá, ka ko e tufakanga makehe naʻe ʻoange ki he kakai tuʻufonuá ʻi he ngaahi fakahaá, naʻá ne faʻa holoki ʻa e tōʻonga ʻa e kakai pālangi ʻo e Siasí ki he kakai ʻInitiá. Vakai, Ronald W. Walker, “Seeking the ‘Remnant’: The Native American During the Joseph Smith Period,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 19, no. 1 (1993), 1–33; “Peace and Violence among 19th-Century Latter-day Saints,” Gospel Topics, topics.churchofjesuschrist.org.