Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Melinó mo e Taú

“Melinó mo e Taú,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá (2016)

“Melinó mo e Taú,” Puipuituʻa ʻo e Ngaahi Fakahaá

Melinó mo e Taú

T&F 87

Jed Woodworth

ʻAnitelū Siakisoni

ʻI ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi kimuʻa ʻi he Kilisimasi ʻo e 1832, naʻe hū mai ai ʻa e Kāingalotu mei Ketilaní ʻi he ʻea momoko, mo hauhaú ke nofo ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo ʻenau ngaahi afi māfana mo ulo kakahá. Naʻa nau fakaava ʻenau nusipepa fakalotofonua, ko e Painesville Telegraph, ʻo ʻilo ai ha ongoongo fakatupu hohaʻa. ʻI he maile ʻe fitungeau ki he fakatongá, kuo talaki ai ʻe he fale alea ʻo Kalolaine Tongá, ko ha siteiti ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, kuo nau “fakataʻeʻaongaʻi mo taʻofi” ʻa e ngaahi tukuhau naʻe hili ʻe he puleʻanga fakafonuá ki he koloa hū maí. Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he ngaʻunu ko ʻení ha “palopalema ʻi hono toʻo ʻo e tukuhaú” ʻo fakafepakiʻi ai ʻa e totonu ʻa e puleʻanga fakafonuá ke ne fakamālohiʻi ʻa ʻene ngaahi lao pē ʻaʻana. Naʻe longolongo tau heni ʻa e fonuá.

Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻa e ngaahi tute ko ʻení ke maluʻi ʻa e kau fakatupu koloa ʻi he tafaʻaki fakatokelaú mei he feʻauʻauhi mei mulí. Naʻe pehē ʻe he kau ngoue mei he tafaʻaki fakatongá ʻoku ʻikai ke taau ʻa e meʻá ni. Ko e hā te nau totongi lahi ange ai ki he ngaahi koloa naʻe ʻikai ke ngaohi ʻe honau vāhengá? Naʻe tuku atu ai ʻe ʻAnitelū Siakisoni ko e palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ha fanongonongo ʻo ne fakatokanga ko e taʻe-tali ko ia ʻe Kalolaina Tonga ʻa e tute fakafonuá ko ha fakafepaki ia ʻe ala iku ki ha lingitoto. Naʻe tali vave ʻe Kalolaina Tonga ʻaki enau teuteu ke tau. Naʻe ʻikai ha ʻamanaki ia ʻe toe fai ha felotoi. Ko e fakamatala naʻe lau ʻe he kakai ʻo Ketilaní naʻá ne talaki ʻa e taú: “Ka maʻalifekina ha pēneti ʻa e puleʻangá ʻi hotau kauʻāfonuá,” pea taliʻi ʻe ha fakamatala ʻe taha, ʻe hoko ia ko ha “tau ʻa e kau takí.”

Ko e Fakahā ʻo e ʻAho Kilisimasí

Naʻe muimuiʻi ofi ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ʻa e fetōʻaki ko ʻení ʻi he ngaahi nusipepa naʻe aʻu mai ki Ketilaní. Naʻá ne tānaki ha kiʻi fakamatala ʻi hono hisitōliá ʻo fekauʻaki mo e “talaki ko ia ʻe he kakai ʻo Kalolaina Tonga honau siteití, ko ha Puleʻanga Tauʻatāiná” pea mo e fanongonongo fakafepakiʻi ʻo e angatuʻu ko ʻení: naʻe fai ʻe Palesiteni Siakisoní. Pea ʻi he ʻosi ʻo e ngaahi ʻotu laine ko ʻení, naʻe fakahū ai ʻe Siosefa ha meʻa naʻá ne ui ko “ha kikite ʻi ha tau,” ko ha fakahā naʻá ne lau kae hiki ʻe heʻene kalake ko Feletiliki G. Uiliamisí ʻi he ʻAho Kilisimasi ʻo e 1832, ko ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi pē ia mei he ongoongo fakaʻohovale naʻe hā ʻi he ngaahi nusipepa Ketilaní. ʻOku ʻiloa ʻa e fakahā ko iá ʻi he ʻahó ni ko e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87.

Naʻe ʻikai pē ke ʻasi ʻa e hingoa ia ʻo Palesiteni Siakisoní, ka naʻe ʻai ʻe he kikite ki he taú ʻa e ngaahi palōmesi tukupau ʻa e palesitení ke mahino. Naʻe ʻosi tala pē foki ʻe Palesiteni Siakisoni ʻe hoko ha fepaki fakakautau kapau ʻe kei tuʻukāivi ai pē ʻa Kalolaine Tonga ke fokotuʻu pē hono puleʻangá. Fakatatau ki he lau ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoní, kuo fakahā ʻe Kalolaine Tonga ʻi heʻene ngaahi tōʻongá: “Te mau veuki ʻa e melinó mo e tuʻumālié; pea te mau fakangata ʻa e fefakatauʻaki tauʻatāina ko ʻení, ko e ngaahi kelekele moʻui ko ʻení te mau fakaviviku ʻaki ʻa e totó.” Ka, kapau ʻe tukulolo ʻa Kalolaina Tonga, ʻe ʻikai fai ha lingitoto. Neongo ia, ʻi he kikite ʻa Siosefa Sāmitá, ko e lingitotó, ko e ikuʻanga ia he kuohilí. Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá, “Ko e ngaahi tau ʻoku ofi ke hokó, ʻo kamata ʻi he angatuʻu ʻa Kalolaine Tongá, ʻe fakaiku ʻo toki taʻofi ʻi he mate mo e mamahi ʻa ha kakai tokolahi.” Naʻe ʻikai ke fakalika mai ʻe he fakahaá ia ha faʻahinga founga fakalelei melino.

Naʻe ʻikai ko ha kaveinga foʻou ʻa e fakaʻauhá ia ʻi he ngaahi fakahā kia Siosefa Sāmitá. Naʻe ʻosi fakatokanga ʻa e ʻEikí fekauʻaki mo ha taimi ʻe tō ai ʻa e honge, mahaki fakaʻauha, mo e ngaahi afā ki he kakai ʻo māmaní. Naʻe akoʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakahaá ʻe mafola ʻa e fakaʻauhá kimuʻa ʻi he Hāʻele ʻAnga Ua mai ʻa e ʻEikí, pea ʻe ueʻi ʻe he tuʻo lahi ʻo e ngaahi maumaú ʻi he fakahaá, ha Kāingalotu tokolahi ke nau fakakaukau ʻoku pau ʻoku vave ʻa e Hāʻele ʻAnga Ua Maí.

Naʻe hanga ʻe he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87 ʻo toe fakamamafaʻi ʻa e ngaahi ʻamanaki ko ia ʻoku ʻikai ke fuʻu mamaʻo ʻa e Hāʻele ʻAnga Ua Maí. Naʻe hanga ʻe ha ngaahi fakahā kehe ʻo fokotuʻu ʻa e fakaʻauhá ki ha taimi mo ha feituʻu taʻepau: ʻE hoko ʻa e fakaʻauhá “kimuʻa ʻi he ʻaho lahi ko ʻení,” ʻo ʻuhinga ki he Hāʻele ʻAnga Ua Maí, pe ko ʻene hoko ʻi he ngaahi puleʻangá kotoa.” Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakahaá ʻe ʻi ai ʻa e tau mo e ngaahi ongoongo ʻo e tau “ʻi homou ngaahi fonuá,” pea “ʻi he ngaahi fonua mulí.” Naʻe kehekehe ia mo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87, ʻokú ne tuhuʻi mai ʻa e feituʻu pau mo e meʻa ʻe hoko vave mai ʻi ha fonuá: naʻe tala hangatonu mai ʻa Kalolaine Tonga mo ʻene angatuʻú. Ko e fepakí he ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he ngaahi puleʻanga ʻe taú. ʻE kau foki ai mo ha ngaahi kulupu ʻoku fakamamahiʻi—“kau pōpulá” mo e “ngaahi hakó”—te nau angatuʻu ki honau kau pulé mo e kau tauhí.

Ko e lau ko ia ki he kau pōpulá ʻoku ʻasi ʻi he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87 ʻoku uhinga hangatonu ia ki he fepaki ʻi he mafai ʻo e puleʻangá. ʻI he fakalalahi ko ia ʻa e palopalemá, naʻe fakakikihi ʻa e kakai ʻo Kalolainá naʻe palaniʻi moʻoni ʻa e ngaahi tute fakapuleʻangá ke ne fakafepakiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika hono fakaʻaongaʻi e kakaí ko e pōpulá, ʻa ia naʻe lahi fau ʻi ʻAmelika Tongá. Naʻe kau ʻi he ngaahi siteiti naʻe tuʻu ke ʻaonga ki ai ʻa e ngaahi tuté ʻa ʻOhaiō, naʻa nau ʻosi ʻai ʻenautolu ke taʻe-fakalao ʻa e ngāue ko ha pōpulá. Naʻe tala-tonu ʻe he kikite ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he taú ʻa e ngaahi taʻe-manonga fakapolitikalé mo fakakau kinautolu ki he ngaahi tau ʻe muiaki moʻoni maí: “ʻE mavahe atu ʻa e ngaahi Siteiti Fakatongá ke fakafili ki he ngaahi Siteiti Fakatokelaú, pea ʻe ui [tokoni ʻa e] ngaahi Siteiti Fakatongá ki ha ngaahi puleʻanga kehe, ʻa [ia ko e] puleʻanga ko Pilitānia Lahí.” Naʻe fakafalala ʻa ʻIulope ʻi he 1832, ki he vavae mei he fakatongá ki heʻenau ngaahi ngāueʻanga tupenú. Naʻe ngalingali ʻe poupouʻi ʻe Pilitānia Lahi ʻa e taumuʻa ʻa Kalolaine Tongá.

Taʻofi ʻo e Palopalemá

Naʻe ʻohovale lahi ʻa e taha kotoa, he ko e palopalemá naʻe ngata pē heʻene meimei kamatá. ʻI Fēpueli 1833, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Palesiteni Siakisoni ha tute maʻulalo ange, ko ha tute naʻe fai ʻa e felotoi ki ai, ʻo fakamahinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi totonu ʻa e puleʻanga fakafonuá pea feau ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e ngaahi totonu fakasiteiti ʻa e kau fiemavahé. Naʻe taʻofi ai ʻa e taú, foki ʻo melino ʻa e fonuá, pea fiefia ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoni ʻi he ikuna lahi taha kuó ne fakahoko ʻi heʻene palesitení.

Naʻe fakafiefia ki he taha kotoa ʻa e founga fakalelei melino ki he palopalemá tukukehe ʻa e kau loto-tāngia tahá. ʻI heʻene hoko ko ha taha muimui ʻo Kalaisí, naʻe saiʻia ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ʻi he melinó mo fiefia ʻi he felotoí, pea naʻe nofo ʻamanaki ki he toe liu mai ʻa e Pilinisi ʻo e Melinó mo ʻEne pule melino ʻi he taʻu ʻe tahaafé. Ka kuo pau naʻe fihi kia Siosefa ʻa e ngaahi tala mamafa naʻe ʻi he kikite ki he taú, ʻi heʻenau fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko fakatahá. Naʻe ʻikai ke hoko ha mate ia mo mamahi ha kakai tokolahi. Naʻe kei hoko atu pē ʻa e mavahe ʻa e ngaahi siteiti ʻi he Fakatongá ʻo fakafili ki he Fakatokelaú, ʻi he fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e pōpulá, ka naʻe ʻikai ke angatuʻu ʻa e kau pōpulá ki honau kau pulé, pea naʻe ʻikai ui tokoni ʻa Kalolaine Tonga ki Pilitānia Lahi. Ka ne ʻi ai ha taha naʻe fekumi ki he fakahoko ʻo e fakahā ʻo e 1833, naʻe mei loto-mamahi.

Naʻe hangē naʻe kiʻi momou ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ke fakamafola lahi ʻa e ongoongo ʻo ʻene kikite ki he taú. Pea kimuʻa ʻi he taʻofi ʻa e palopalemá, naʻá ne tala ange ki ha ʻētita nusipepa ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi “he ʻikai ʻosi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi kuo fakahoko ʻe he ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e faʻahinga lingitoto pehē, kuo teʻeki ke ʻi ai hano tatau ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo hotau puleʻangá.” Ka naʻe ʻikai ke ne toe ʻomai ha fakamatala fakaikiiki ange ai. Naʻe ʻikai ke toe ʻi ai haʻane lau ki Kalolaine Tonga ʻi heʻene ngaahi akonaki mo e ngaahi malanga kimuí. Ko e taimi naʻá ne fakatahatahaʻi ai ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakahaá ke pulusi ʻi he 1835, naʻe toʻo ʻe Siosefa ia ʻa e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87 mei ai. Hili hono fakangata melino pē ʻo e palopalemá, naʻe ngali lelei tahá pē ke tuku fakatatali ʻa e fakahaá ʻi he lolotonga ʻo ʻene kei moʻuí.

Naʻe fakapapauʻi ʻe Siosefa ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakahā kimuʻá. Kuó ne ʻosi ongona ʻa e leʻo ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi heʻene folofola ʻo fakafou ʻiate ia kimuʻa mo siotonu ki hono fakahoko ʻo e ngaahi folofola ko iá. ʻOku pau pē naʻe fifili pe ko e fakahaá ni ko ha kikite loi. Pe, kapau ʻoku moʻoni ʻa e kikité, ko e hā leva ʻa e finangalo ʻo e ʻOtuá ke fai ʻe Siosefa, he kuo melino ia, tatau ai pē kapau ʻe taimi nounou pē?

Ngaahi Potu Māʻoniʻoni

Naʻe ʻikai ke toe fulihi ʻe he Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87 ia ʻa e vakai ʻa Siosefa Sāmita ki he moʻuí. Naʻe ʻikai ke ne toitoi ʻi ha luo pe pulia mei he kakaí, ʻo tali ki he ikuʻangá. Kimuʻa pea lava lelei hono fakaleleiʻi ʻe Palesiteni Siakisoni ʻa e palopalema naʻe hokó, pea kei ngali ʻe hoko pē ʻa e taú, naʻe fakaava fakalongolongo pē ʻe Siosefa ha akoʻanga ki he kau kaumātuʻa ʻe vave haʻanau ō atu ki māmani ko ha kau faifekaú. Ko e Akoʻanga ʻo e Kau Palōfitá, hangē ko hono ui ʻe Siosefá, naʻe fakataha mo ha kiʻi kulupu tokosiʻi ko ha kau tangata Kāingalotu ʻi he falekoloa ʻo Niueli K. Uitenií ʻi Ketilani.

Naʻe akoʻi ʻe Siosefa ʻa e kau ako ʻi he ʻapiakó ʻi he founga ke nau “lea ai ʻi he huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá.” Naʻá ne fakalotolahiʻi ʻa e kakai tangatá ke nau fakahaohaoaʻi kinautolu koeʻuhí ke lava ʻa e Laumālie ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻo tokoni ke nau ʻilo mo akoʻi ʻa e kakai filí. Naʻe akoʻi ʻe Siosefa, ko kinautolu ʻoku nau tauhi ʻa e Lea ʻo e Potó, te nau lele kae ʻikai helaʻia pea ʻalu kae ʻikai pongia. Naʻe feinga ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoni ke taʻofi ʻa e fakaʻauhá ʻi he founga taukei fakatipilomētika. Naʻe akoʻi ʻe Siosefa ʻe lava ke taʻofi ʻa e “kau ʻāngelo fai-fakaʻauhá” ʻi he moʻui angatonú.

Naʻe ʻikai ke teitei holomui ʻa Siosefa mei he fakatokanga ki māmani ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakamamahi ʻe hokó. Ka naʻe ʻikai ko e taumuʻa ia ʻo ʻene pōpoakí. Naʻe ʻikai ko ha palōfita kikite ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻa kovi ʻe hokó, ka naʻe fiemālie ke ne tala ʻa e meʻa fakamamahi mo fakamalaʻiá. ʻI he fakaʻosi ʻo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87, naʻe fakahā ai ʻe he ʻEikí ki he Kāingalotú ʻa e founga ke nau fai ʻi he faʻahinga kikite faingataʻa peheé. ʻOku ʻikai fiemaʻu ke nau nofo tailiili pe taʻofi ʻa e ʻenau ngaahi ngāue lolotongá. Kuo pau ke nau “tuʻu … ʻi he ngaahi potu [māʻoniʻoní] pea ʻoua ʻe hiki mei ai.”

Hili ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi mei he maʻu ʻo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87 , naʻe toe maʻu ʻe Siosefa Sāmita ha fakahā ʻe taha, ʻa ia naʻe fekau ai ʻe he ʻEikí ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau langa ha temipale ʻi Ketilani (Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 88). Naʻe fakamatala ʻa e fakahā ko ʻení, ʻo hangē ko e kikite ki he taú, ki ha ngaahi fakaʻauha ʻe hoko mai. Ka naʻe toe lau foki ki ha ngāue mahuʻinga ʻe fakahoko ʻe he Kāingalotú. He ʻikai ke nau nofo-noa pē, ʻo talitali ki he liu mai ʻa Kalaisí, kae moveuveu takatakai ʻa māmani ʻiate kinautolu. Pea te nau malanga ʻataʻatā pē, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe fai ʻe he kau talatukí. Ka kuo pau ke nau langa ha ngaahi fale foʻou, ngaahi akoʻanga foʻou, mo ha ngaahi “potu māʻoniʻoni” foʻou. ʻI heʻene talangofua maʻu pē ki he ngaahi fakahaá, naʻe fakaava ai ʻe Siosefa ʻa e Akoʻanga ʻo e Kau Palōftiá, ʻo hangē ko hono fekauʻi ia ʻe he fakahaá. ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e faʻahitaʻu māfana ko iá, te ne fakatapui ai ʻa e kelekele ki he temipalé.

ʻO aʻu ai pē ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e moʻui ʻa Siosefá, ko e “ngaahi potu māʻoniʻoní,” ʻa e ngaahi temipalé mo e ngaahi akoʻangá, naʻe tokanga taha ki aí. Naʻe akoʻi ia ʻe heʻene aʻusiá ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻene falala ki he mālohi ʻo e alea fakatipilomētiká, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe fai ʻe ʻAnitelū Siakisoní. Naʻe ʻilo ʻe Siosefa mei he lahi ʻo e faʻa fehikitaki naʻe fakamālohiʻi ʻa e Kāingalotú ke nau faí ʻa e tuʻunga pelepelengesi ʻo e melinó. Neongo ʻa e faingataʻa naʻá ne ʻākilotoa kinautolú, ka naʻe maʻu maʻu pē ʻe he Kāingalotú ʻa e melinó ʻi hono fokotuʻu mo nofoʻi ha ngaahi potu māʻoniʻoní.

Aofangatukú

Hili ha taʻu ʻe tolungofulu mei hono maʻu ʻo e Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87, naʻe toe angatuʻu ʻa Kalolaine Tonga. ʻI heʻenau tui ko hono fili ko ia ʻo ʻĒpalahame Lingikoni ko e palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻe faingataʻa ai hono fakahoko ʻo e ngāue pōpulá, naʻe fakahā loto leva ʻa e fale alea fakasiteití ke nau mavahe mei he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe fakatupu ʻe he meʻa ko ʻeni naʻe fai ʻe Kalolaine Tongá ha tau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Tokelaú mo e Tongá. Naʻe iku ai ki ha mate mo e mamahi lahi. Naʻe ui tokoni leva ʻa e kakai ʻi he Tongá ki Pilitānia Lahi. Naʻe angatuʻu mo e kau pōpulá ki honau kau pulé. Lolotonga iá, kuo nofo ʻa e Kāingalotú he taimí ni ʻi honau ʻapi foʻou ʻi he moʻungá ʻi he Hihifó, ʻo ngāue ʻosikiavelenga ʻi he fakavaʻe ʻo ha feituʻu māʻoniʻoni ʻe taha—ko e Temipale Sōlekí.

  1. Vakai, William W. Freehling, ed., The Nullification Era: A Documentary Record (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1967). Naʻe ʻosi lipooti pē kimuʻa ʻi he taimi ko ʻení hono fakafepakiʻi ʻe Kalolaina Tonga ʻa e tute fakapuleʻangá, ka naʻe toki lipooti ʻe he Painesville Telegraph ʻi he ʻaho 21 ʻo Tīsemá ʻa e lea ʻa e kōvana ʻo Kalolaine Tongá ʻo poupouʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻe fai ʻe he fale aleá.

  2. Naʻe ʻoange ʻe he Konisitūtone ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e mafai ki he puleʻanga fakafonuá ke ne puleʻi ʻa e fefakatauʻakí, pea ʻi he ʻuluaki taʻu ʻe uofulu ʻo e tuʻu ʻa e fonuá, naʻe fokotuʻu ke māʻulalo pē ʻa e tuté kae lava ʻo maʻu ha paʻanga hū mai. Ko e tuʻunga māʻolunga ʻo e tuté naʻe tupu ia mei he fuʻu lahi ʻo e koloa naʻe ngaohi ʻe Pilitānia ʻi he 1810 tupú mo e 1820 tupú (vakai, Paul P. Abrahams, “Tariffs,” ʻi he Paul S. Boyer, ed., The Oxford Companion to United States History [New York: Oxford University Press, 2001], 761).

  3. Andrew Jackson, Proclamation, Dec. 10, 1832, in James D. Richardson, comp., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897), 3:1203–19. Naʻe fakamafaiʻi ʻe he fale alea ʻo Kalolaine Tongá ha $200,000—ko ha fuʻu paʻanga lahi ia—ke kumi ʻaki e mahafu tau mo ne ʻoange ki hono kōvaná ʻa e mafai ke ui ha kau tau (vakai, Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845 [New York: Harper & Row, 1984], 26). Naʻe fakanatula pē hono fakafepakiʻi ʻe he kau taukaveʻi ʻo e fakataʻeʻaongaʻí ʻa e fanongonongo ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoní, ʻo lau ia ko ha founga ke fakailifiaʻi ʻa e kau maʻu mafai fakapolitikale ʻo Kalolaine Tongá ke nau tukulolo ʻaki hono veuki ʻa e kau fakafepakí ʻi he lotoʻi siteití. Ki he niʻihi ko ʻeni naʻa nau fakafepakiʻi ʻa e tukuhaú, naʻe fakatupu ʻe he fanongonongo ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoní ha “tala tau” (“South Carolina,” Alexandria [Virginia] Gazette, Dec. 25, 1832, 2).

  4. “The Charleston Mercury,” Painesville Telegraph, Dec. 21, 1832, 3, column 2. Ko Sēmisi Hemilitoní, ʻa e kōvana ʻo Kalolaine Tonga kuo mei ʻosí, naʻá ne meimei fakaafeʻi ʻa e taú ʻi haʻane lea naʻe lahi hono fakamafolá, ʻa ia naʻe fai ʻi he ʻaho 10 ʻo Tīsemá. Naʻá ne pehē, “ʻOku lelei ange ki he tokolahi taha ʻo homau kakaí ke fakaʻauha ʻa e fale kotoa ʻi he funga ʻo homau Vahefonuá, pea tutu mo e mohuku kotoa, ʻi haʻanau tukulolo ki he pule fakaleveleva mo taʻe-totonu ʻa e faʻunga Puleʻanga ko ʻena ʻoku ʻikai ke mau teitei talí” (“South Carolina,” American Traveller [Boston], Dec. 25, 1832, 3).

  5. Joseph Smith, “History, 1838–1856, volume A-1 [23 December 1805–30 August 1834],” 244, josephsmithpapers.org.

  6. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 3:1217.

  7. “Revelation, 25 December 1832 [D&C 87],” ʻi he Revelation Book 2, 32, josephsmithpapers.org; naʻe fakatonutonu ʻa e sipelá; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87:1.

  8. Vakai, “Revelation, September 1830–A [D&C 29],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 37–38, josephsmithpapers.org; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 29:14–19.

  9. On Latter-day Saint millennialism, vakai, Grant Underwood, The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986). For millennialism generally, the classic works include James West Davidson, The Logic of Millennial Thought: Eighteenth-Century New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977) and Ernest R. Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

  10. “Revelation, September 1830–A [D&C 29],” 37; “Revelation, 4 November 1830 [D&C 34],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 46, josephsmithpapers.org; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 29:14; 34:8–9.

  11. “Revelation, circa 7 March 1831 [D&C 45],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 73, 75; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 45:26, 63.

  12. “Revelation, 25 December 1832 [D&C 87],” 32–33; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87:1.

  13. “Revelation, 25 December 1832 [T&F 87],” 33; naʻe fakafoʻou ʻa e mataʻitohi lahí mo e fakaʻilonga leá; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87:3.

  14. Merrill D. Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword—The Compromise of 1833 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982); William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 293. ʻOku kehekehe ʻa e fakakaukau ʻa e kau potó ki he anga hono fakaleleiʻi ʻe Palesiteni Siakisoni ʻa e palopalema ʻi he tuté. Ko e kau mataotao matuʻotuʻa angé naʻa nau fakahehema ke fakavīkivikiʻi mo fakahīkihikiʻi ʻa e meʻa naʻe hokó, ka naʻe tokolahi ange ʻa e kau mataotao kimui ai kuo nau pehē naʻe hanga ʻe he felotoí ʻo fakahoko ha fakamā lahi ʻo ne uesia fakapolitikale ʻa Palesiteni Siakisoni ʻi he ngaahi taʻu hono hokó (vakai, Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States’ Rights, and the Nullification Crisis [New York: Oxford University Press, 1987], 181–82).

  15. Naʻe ʻosi hoko pē ʻa e angatuʻu ia ʻa e kau pōpulá kimuʻa ʻi he 1832, ka naʻe hoko movetevete mo taimi nounou pē. Vakai, hangē ko ʻení, Stephen B. Oates, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion (New York: Harper & Row, 1975).

  16. Joseph Smith letter to Noah C. Saxton, Jan. 4, 1833, ʻi he Joseph Smith Letterbook 1, 17–18, josephsmithpapers.org; naʻe lililu ʻa e sipelá ke fakaonopooni.

  17. Neongo naʻe ʻosi toʻotoʻo holo pē ʻe he kau faifekaú ha ngaahi tatau naʻe hiki tohinima ʻo e fakahaá ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi, ka naʻe toki pulusi pē ia ʻi he 1851 (vakai, Scott C. Esplin, “‘Have We Not Had a Prophet among Us?’: Joseph Smith’s Civil War Prophecy,” ʻi he Civil War Saints, ed. Kenneth L. Alford [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2012], 41–59).

  18. “Revelation, 1 November 1831–B [D&C 1],” ʻi he Revelation Book 1, 126, josephsmithpapers.org; vakai foki, “Revelation, 27–28 December 1832 [D&C 88:1–126],” ʻi he Revelation Book 2, 46, josephsmithpapers.org; Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 1:20; 88:122.

  19. Vakai, Jed Woodworth, “The Word of Wisdom: D&C 89,” history.churchofjesuschrist.org; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89:20–21.

  20. “Revelation, 27 February 1833 [D&C 89],” ʻi he Revelation Book 2, 51, josephsmithpapers.org; naʻe liliu ʻa e sipelá ke fakaonopooni; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 89:21.

  21. Vakai, Susan Juster, Doomsayers: Anglo-American Prophecy in the Age of Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003).

  22. “Revelation, 25 December 1832 [D&C 87],” 33; vakai foki, Tokāteline mo e Ngaahi Fuakava 87:8.