教會歷史
醫治


「醫治」,教會歷史主題

「醫治」

醫治

耶穌基督在世上傳道期間,醫治了病人和受苦之人。祂賜給門徒醫治的能力和權柄,並且教導,「信的人必有神蹟隨著他們」,其中一項就是醫治的恩賜。1賜給約瑟·斯密的近代啟示重申了這些原則,並且將「被治癒的信心」和「治癒人的信心」兩者都認定為屬靈的恩賜。2

耶穌基督醫治人

耶穌基督在世上傳道期間,醫治了病人和受苦之人。

醫治行為的歷史

早期的後期聖徒同時以兩種方式來運用醫治的屬靈恩賜。首先,他們遵照新約聖經和約瑟·斯密獲得的啟示所給予的勸告去做,其中指示他們要請「教會的長老」來,為病人「按手」、祝福他們。3為了遵照經文中的這項命令,教會中持有聖職職位的男性會執行治病的祝福。其次,早期的後期聖徒將醫治視為屬靈的恩賜,凡信心足夠的人皆能獲得。419世紀和20世紀初,男人和女人都會奉耶穌基督的名執行治病的祝福,其方式往往是按手在身體患病的部位,但不會特別藉聖職權柄來執行。5

早期的摩爾門有各種不同的醫治行為。使用聖化膏油來膏抹病人,是在奉獻嘉德蘭聖殿之後才開始的,不過使用膏油的方式隨著時間過去而有所改變。例如,病人或傷患常常會把膏油塗在患部,就像藥膏一樣。6為其他目的廣泛採用的儀式,也會用於醫治。例如,有時會因為健康因素而執行洗禮。在這樣的情況下,男人和女人並不是為了罪的赦免而浸沒在水中,而是為了身體的健康。在20世紀初以前,這些洗禮都由持有聖職權柄的男性在聖殿中執行。7其他的醫治儀式是在聖殿中執行的,包括為健康目的的洗濯和膏抹;而男人和女人都被按手選派來施以那些祝福。8

約瑟·斯密對於婦女參與醫治表示認可,約瑟說:「關於婦女的按手,任何有信心的人去做,都不算是罪。」9對婦女而言,身為他人患病時主要的護士和照顧者,祝福病人自然成為他們工作的延伸。後期聖徒婦女尤其常在其他婦女懷孕和生產期間,膏抹和祝福他們。10

百翰·楊和教會其他領袖持續鼓勵婦女尋求醫治的屬靈恩賜,並核准婦女參與治病的祝福。111880年,十二使徒定額組聲明,婦女執行治病的祝福,「並非藉著聖職權柄,而是藉著對基督的信心」。12同樣地,總會慈助會會長伊莉莎·舒也教導:「婦女可以奉耶穌的名施助病人,但不是藉著聖職。」13

到了19世紀末,後期聖徒的新世代開始採用與前人不同的方式,來尋求健康和醫治。他們繼續用膏油來膏抹病人,但在許多例子中,他們強調的是在沒有正式聖職祝福的情況下,禁食和祈禱所發揮的功效。14醫學的進步也使他們比過去的世代更信任醫師和醫院。1520世紀初,總會會長約瑟F·斯密和禧伯·郭將聖職的程序和教儀標準化,包括治病的祝福。16這項標準化工作包括在傳教士和當地聖職領袖所用的手冊裡,刊載聖職治病祝福的指示。17教會領袖也針對祝福時要如何使用聖化膏油,給予了明確的指示,明定只要在頭頂上簡單地膏抹即可。181920年代,為健康目的的洗禮和聖殿的治病祝福都中止了。19

至於婦女參與治病的祝福一事,總會會長團在1914年的一封信函中重申,「任何對神、對祈禱的功效充滿信心的好姊妹」,都可以祝福病人。但總會會長團也強調聖職祝福的優先順序:「主的命令是請長老來施助病人,當他們能被請來時,應該要求他們去膏抹病人和印證膏抹。」20隨後的教會領袖則強調經文中的指示,要「請長老來」施以治病的祝福。21在1940和1950年代,在教會雜誌裡,以及寄給當地慈助會領袖並由她們轉發的信函中,都再次強調該項指示。22教會目前的手冊指示,「只有麥基洗德聖職持有人可以施助生病或受苦的人」。23

醫治與醫學

早期的後期聖徒透過屬靈的方法尋求醫治時,遵照經文中的勸告,對病人應該「要盡量溫柔,用藥草和溫和的食物照料他」。24百翰·楊會長教導,「應用我知識範圍內的每一種治療方法,並奉耶穌基督的名,祈求天上的父聖化那醫治我身體的療法」,這是適宜的。25他主張男女都要接受職業醫療訓練,並核准一些教會成員藉財務支持就讀美國東部的醫學院。26

後期聖徒持續從合格的專業人士那裡尋求適當的醫療。教會領袖曾教導,「使用醫藥,與運用信心祈禱、仰賴聖職祝福,彼此並不衝突」。27後期聖徒相信透過適當的飲食、充足的運動和休息、遵守智慧語,以及預防性的健康照顧,來預防疾病。例如,最近幾十年來,教會在世界各地的疫苗接種方面貢獻了大量資源。28

今日醫治的恩賜

今日在教會中,我們透過個人的信心和祈禱——無論是代替自己或他人——以及透過聖職祝福,來運用醫治的恩賜。治病的祝福要藉著信心,並且符合主的旨意,才會實現。並非所有祝福的結果都是得到醫治。「我們會竭盡所能地醫治我們的親人,」達林·鄔克司長老在擔任十二使徒定額組的一員時教導:「然後將結果交托在主手中」。29

施以治病的祝福

麥基洗德聖職持有人施以治病的祝福。

相關主題屬靈的恩賜說方言的恩賜

註:

  1. 馬太福音10:1馬可福音16:17;亦見馬太福音17:20-21使徒行傳3:1-75:12,15-1614:8-10聖經雅各書5:13-16

  2. Revelation, circa 8 March 1831–A [DC 46],” in Revelation Book 1, 77, 78, josephsmithpapers.org; “Revelation, 7 December 1830 [DC 35],” in Revelation Book 1, 47, josephsmithpapers.org; “Revelation 22–23 September 1832 [DC 84],” 3, josephsmithpapers.org;亦見教義和聖約35:946:9,19-2084:65-72

  3. 聖經雅各書5:14-15Revelation, 9 February 1831 [DC 42:1–72],” 4, josephsmithpapers.org;亦見教義和聖約42:43-44

  4. 哥林多前書12:4-11摩羅乃書10:11Revelation, circa 8 March 1831–A [DC 46],” in Revelation Book 1, 78;亦見教義和聖約46:20

  5. For accounts of early Mormon healing practices, see The Journals of William E.McLellin, 1831–1836, edited by Jan Shipps and John W.Welch (Provo, UT: BYU Studies; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 40, 45, 66, 71; Juanita L.Pulsipher, ed., “History of Sarah Studevant Leavitt (1875),” 9, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B.Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; see also Jonathan A.Stapley and Kristine Wright, “The Forms and the Power: The Development of Mormon Ritual Healing to 1847,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 35, no. 3(Summer 2009), 42–87.

  6. See Stapley and Wright, “The Forms and the Power,” 65–66.在一些例子中,患者喝下聖化膏油。

  7. Jonathan A.Stapley and Kristine Wright, “‘They Shall Be Made Whole’: A History of Baptism for Health,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 34, no. 4(Fall 2008), 69–112.

  8. 這些醫治的儀式包括按手,以及洗濯和膏抹。Stapley and Wright, “The Forms and the Power,” 75–77.

  9. Nauvoo Relief Society minutes, Apr. 28, 1842, in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J.Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 55.

  10. Mary Walker Morris diary, July 22 and Sept. 6, 1879; Mar. 3, 1881, in Before the Manifesto: The Life Writings of Mary Lois Walker Morris, edited by Melissa Lambert Milewski (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2007), 226, 230, 298.在其他的例子中,由婦女洗濯和膏抹,而男性則是印證膏抹和祝福。Morris diary, Sept. 7–8, 1881, in Life Writings, 314.一般而言,婦女執行這些祝福時,會有其他婦女或兒童陪同,並且是為他們執行;但有時他們在給予醫治或安慰的祝福時,也會祝福男性,或與男性一同執行。For example, see Wilford Woodruff journal, Mar. 30, 1838, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; see also Helen Mar Kimball, “Scenes in Nauvoo, and Incidents from H. C. Kimball’s Journal,” Woman’s Exponent, vol. 12, no. 6(Aug. 15, 1883), 42.Women’s participation in healing rituals is discussed further in Jill Mulvay Derr, Janath Russell Cannon, and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), 44–45, 67–68, 114, 220–21, 429–30.A more recent and comprehensive treatment is Jonathan A.Stapley and Kristine Wright, “Female Ritual Healing in Mormonism,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 37, no. 1(Winter 2011), 1–85.

  11. For examples of such statements, see Brigham Young discourse, Nov. 14, 1869, in Journal of Discourses, 26 vols.(London: Latter-Day Saints’ Book Depot, 1871), 13:155; “Report of the Dedication of the Kaysville Relief Society House, Nov. 12, 1876,” Woman’s Exponent, vol. 5, no. 19(Mar. 1, 1877), 149.

  12. Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Draft Circular Letter, October 6, 1880 (Excerpt),” in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J.Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 489.惠福·伍會長在一封提供教導的書信中,以類似的用語對總會慈助會祕書說話。他說,婦女「並不是以聖職成員的身分,而是以教會成員的身份」來施助病人(Wilford Woodruff letter to Emmeline B.Wells, Apr. 27, 1888, 3, Church History Library, Salt Lake City)。

  13. Morgan Utah Stake Relief Society minutes and records (1878–1912), vol. 1, Apr. 28, 1883, 93, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

  14. See Minutes, Nov. 1888, Ashley Center Ward Relief Society minute book, 1880–92, vol. 1, 77, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; Minutes, Mar. 5, 1896, Thatcher Ward Relief Society minutes and records, 1884–1910, vol. 1, 166; Minutes, Oct. 23, 1897, Farmers Ward Relief Society minutes and records, 1896–1902, vol. 2, 62; Minutes, Sept. 13, 1899, Provo Utah Central Stake Relief Society minutes, vol. 5, 41.

  15. See Jonathan A.Stapley, “‘Pouring in Oil’: The Development of the Modern Mormon Healing Ritual,” in Daniel L.Belnap, ed., By Our Rites of Worship: Latter-day Saint Views on Ritual in Scripture, History, and Practice (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2013), 295, 297–98.

  16. See Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Associations Manual, 1902–1903 (Salt Lake City: General Board of Y.M.M.I.A., 1902), 58–59; Handbook of Instructions for Stake Presidencies, Bishops, and Counselors, Stake and Ward Clerks and Other Church Officers, no. 16(Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1940), 125–26; see also Joseph Fielding Smith, Answers to Gospel Questions, 5 vols.(Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1957), 1:148.

  17. See Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Associations Manual, 58–59.

  18. Stapley, “‘Pouring in Oil,’” 303–5.

  19. Stapley and Wright, “Female Ritual Healing,” 64–69.今日提交名字到聖殿祈禱名單的這個做法,延續了聖殿和醫治之間的關聯性;聖殿教儀的一部分,是為生病的人獻上祈禱。

  20. First Presidency letter to stake presidents and bishops, Oct. 3, 1914, in James R.Clark, comp., Messages of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 6 vols.(Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1970), 4:314–15.總會會長團說,婦女「有同樣的權利施助生病的兒童,就像施助生病的成人那樣,她們也可以藉信心來膏抹和按手在他們頭上」(First Presidency letter, Oct. 3, 1914)。後期聖徒在運用醫治的恩賜時日益強調聖職權柄,使得他們的醫治行為,與20世紀初美國文化盛行的信心醫治方式,彼此區隔開來。他們認為只有聖職祝福才是正統的做法。See Stapley and Wright, “Female Ritual Healing,” 41–46; John A.Widtsoe, Program of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: General Boards of the Mutual Improvement Associations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1938), 127.

  21. 聖經雅各書5:14Journal History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jan. 16, 1921, 101, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; Heber J.Grant letter to P. J. Hansen, Mar. 12, 1934, Church History Library, Salt Lake City; Heber J.Grant, J. Reuben Clark, David O.McKay letter to Rodney S.Williams, Dec. 14, 1943, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

  22. Form letter on Relief Society letterhead, July 29, 1946, Relief Society Washing and Anointing File, Church History Library, Salt Lake City (an annotation on the letter indicates it was written by Joseph Fielding Smith for the use of Relief Society leaders); Joseph Fielding Smith, “Your Question: Administering to the Sick,” Improvement Era, vol. 58, no. 8(Aug. 1955), 558–59, 607.

  23. 指導手冊第二冊:管理教會(2010),20.6.1

  24. 教義和聖約42:43

  25. Journal of Discourses, 26 vols.(London: Latter-Day Saints’ Book Depot, 1857), 4:24.

  26. Derr, Cannon, and Beecher, Women of Covenant, 107–8.

  27. 達林·鄔克司,「醫治病人」,2010年5月,利阿賀拿,第47頁。

  28. Measles Vaccination Campaign,” Mormon Newsroom, mormonnewsroom.org.

  29. 達林·鄔克司,「醫治病人」,第50頁。