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根據列王紀上7:13-45,「所羅門王差遣人往泰爾去,將戶蘭召了來。他是拿弗他利支派中一個寡婦的兒子」,銅匠技術很好。在共濟會的傳奇故事中,他的名字叫做戶蘭·阿比夫,切勿將他與泰爾王希蘭混淆了;希蘭顯然也協助支援了所羅門聖殿的興建(見撒母耳記下5:11)。
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Joseph Smith journal, Mar. 15, 1842, in Journal, December 1841–December 1842, 91, josephsmithpapers.org.
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The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, Containing the History, Charges, Regulations, &c. of That Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity (Philadelphia: n.p., 1734).
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Margaret C.Jacob, The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts and Fictions (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); David Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Arturo de Hoyos, ed., Albert Pike’s Esoterika: The Symbolism of the Blue Degrees of Freemasonry (Washington, DC: Scottish Rite Research Society, 2005).
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See Hugh Nibley, Temple and Cosmos: Beyond This Ignorant Present, edited by Don E.Norton (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1992), 419–23; William H.Stemper Jr. and Guy L.Beck, “Freemasons,” in Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed.(New York: Thomson Gale, 2005), 3193–99.
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Steven C.Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
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約瑟·斯密親近的朋友馬丁·哈里斯和威廉·斐普都是反共濟會的人。據說馬丁認為,摩爾門經本質上是反共濟會的,而早期摩爾門經的一些批評者也有同樣的想法。See “Antimasonic Religion,” Geauga Gazette (Painesville, OH), Mar. 15, 1831; Alexander Campbell, Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon with an Examination of Its Internal and External Evidences, and a Refutation of Its Pretenses to Divine Authority (Boston: Benjamin H.Greene, 1832), 9–10.這種誤解可能是基於摩爾門經提到「祕密幫派」這個常用的詞語。See Paul Mouritsen, “Secret Combinations and Flaxen Cords: Anti-Masonic Rhetoric and the Book of Mormon,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, vol. 12, no. 1 (2003), 64–77, 116–18.
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David G.Hackett, That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture (Berkley: University of California Press, 2014), 111–24.
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Mark C.Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989); Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
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See Glen M.Leonard, Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 313–21.
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David Bernard, Light on Masonry: A Collection of All the Most Important Documents on the Subject of Speculative Free Masonry …(Utica, NY: William Williams, 1829), 16.
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See Brady G.Winslow, “Irregularities in the Work of Nauvoo Lodge: Mormonism, Freemasonry, and Conflicting Interests on the Illinois Frontier,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, vol. 34, no. 2(Fall/Winter 2014), 58–79.
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“The Murder,” Times and Seasons, vol. 5, no. 13(July 15, 1844), 585.See also Orson F.Whitney, Life of Heber C.Kimball, an Apostle: The Father and Founder of the British Mission (Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1888), 26–27.
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Kenneth W.Godfrey, “Freemasonry in Nauvoo,” in Daniel H.Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4 vols.(New York: MacMillan, 1992), 2:527–28.
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Lucius N.Scovil, “The Higher Ordinances,” Deseret Evening News, Feb. 11, 1884, 2.
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Joseph Smith, “History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842],” 1328, josephsmithpapers.org.這些人是海侖·斯密、百翰·楊、威拉·理查、禧伯·甘、威廉·勞、威廉·馬可、雅各·亞當、喬治·密勒和紐奧·惠尼(Joseph Smith journal, May 4, 1842, in Journal, December 1841–December 1842, 94, josephsmithpapers.org)。成立皇家拱門共濟會的支會所需的最低會員人數也是九個人。在皇家拱門共濟會裡,一些會員會晉升至一連串更高的會員級別。那些接受皇家拱門級別的人會通過幔子,到達至聖所,並進入「高級聖職的神聖體制」。沒有人知道,約瑟·斯密對皇家拱門共濟會有何了解。1841年,皇家拱門共濟會在春田市有一個支會,與約瑟親近的同工紐奧·惠尼就是一位皇家拱門會員。See Michael W.Homer, Joseph’s Temples: The Dynamic Relationship between Freemasonry and Mormonism (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014), 245–49.
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Heber C.Kimball letter to Parley P. and Mary Ann Frost Pratt, June 17, 1842, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.禧伯·甘曾是將近20年的共濟會會員。See Steven C.Harper, “Freemasonry and the Latter-day Saint Temple Endowment Ceremony,” in Laura Harris Hales, ed., A Reason for Faith: Navigating LDS Doctrine and Church History (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2016), 143–57.
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Andrew F.Ehat, ed., “‘They Might Have Known That He Was Not a Fallen Prophet’—The Nauvoo Journal of Joseph Fielding,” BYU Studies, vol. 19, no. 2(Winter 1979), 145.
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Joseph Smith “History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842],” 1328–29; see also Andrew F.Ehat, “‘Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord?’Sesquicentennial Reflections of a Sacred Day: 4 May 1842,” in Donald W.Parry, ed., Temples of the Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994), 51.1841年1月19日賜給約瑟·斯密的一項啟示,敦促聖徒建造聖殿,「好讓我在其中向我的人民顯示我的教儀」(Revelation, 19 January 1841 [DC 124],” in Book of the Law of the Lord, 6, josephsmithpapers.org)。
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See Benjamin F.Johnson, My Life’s Review (Independence, MO: Zion’s Printing and Publishing Co., 1947), 93.
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Heber C.Kimball letter to Parley P. and Mary Ann Frost Pratt, June 17, 1842.早期的後期聖徒對於共濟會和聖殿崇拜之間的關係了解有多少,可以從建築師威廉·韋克設計的納府聖殿和猶他州早期的一些後期聖徒建築物上,出現與共濟會大致相關的象徵符號,就可以看得出來。
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See William Hutchinson, The Spirit of Masonry: In Moral and Elucidatory Lectures (New York: Isaac Collins, 1800), 125–34; see also Steven C.Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
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See James E.Talmage, The House of the Lord: A Study of Holy Sanctuaries Ancient and Modern (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1912), 99–100;羅素·納爾遜,「為聖殿祝福作個人準備」,2001年7月,利阿賀拿,第37頁。
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Joseph Smith, “History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842],” 1328; see also Joseph Smith journal, May 4–5, 1842, in Journal, December 1841–December 1842, 94; see also 94, note 198.儘管幾乎所有的共濟會分會都是兄弟會,但在18世紀的歐洲,也有一些分會是姊妹會。See Jan A. M. Snoek, Initiating Women in Freemasonry: The Adoptive Rite (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2012).
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Margaret C.Jacob, The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts and Fictions, 92–129.
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約瑟·斯密成為共濟會會員的兩天後,他在共濟會納府分會集會的紅磚商店裡,於同一房間內成立了納府女性慈助會。約瑟對慈助會講話時,有時還會使用共濟會的用語,例如,他敦促她們「對每位人選都要進行詳盡的檢驗」,他說「慈助會應該成長、升級」,並且告誡她們要像「好會員」那樣,將他其中一封信的內容保密。他和其他人也經常提到應許的聖殿恩道門。Nauvoo Relief Society Minute Book, Mar. 17, 1842; Mar. 31, 1842; and “Copied Documents, March 31 and April 2, 1842,” churchhistorianspress.org; see also introduction to “1.2 Nauvoo Relief Society Minute Book,” in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, Matthew J.Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 24–25.
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例如,後期聖徒研究人員注意到,古埃及某些地方所用的儀式服裝,和後期聖徒在恩道門教儀中使用的神聖服裝,兩者之間有相似之處。See C. Wilfred Griggs and others, “Evidences of a Christian Population in the Egyptian Fayum and Genetic and Textile Studies of the Akhmim Noble Mummies,” BYU Studies, vol. 33, no. 2 (1993), 214–43.For a review of other ancient religious initiation ceremonies, see Hugh Nibley, The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment, 2nd ed.(Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005).
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See Samuel Morris Brown, In Heaven as It Is on Earth: Joseph Smith and the Early Mormon Conquest of Death (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 185; Harper, “Freemasonry and the Latter-day Saint Temple Endowment Ceremony,” 149–53.