Fesootaiga o Ala Faasalalau

I le na o le lua tausaga, mai le 1920 i le 1922, o le aofaiga o leitio faaaogaina ua laiseneina i le Iunaite Setete na faatupulaia mai le tasi le ala leo i le silia ma le 500.¹ Sa avea taitai o le Ekalesia ma uluai tagata na āpoina lenei tekinolosi na fotua’i mai, ma mauaina mo le Iunivesite o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i le Aai o Sate Leki, le laisene muamua o leitio na tuuina atu i se faalapotopotoga faaleaoaoga. Sa tuuina atu e Peresitene Ipa J. Kurene le uluai faasalalauga i le leitio a le Ekalesia i le aso 6 o Me, 1922, e faaaoga ai le alaleo o le Aai o Sate Leki KZN, lea sa i ai se masini faasalalau se tasi i luga i se tama’i fale apa i le taualuga o le Deseret News Building. Mo lana saunoaga puupuu, na sii mai ai e Peresitene Kurene ia le molimau a Iosefa Samita ma Sini Rikitone o loo i le Mataupu Faavae ma Feagaiga 76.² I le tausaga mulimuli ane sa faasalalauina ai le konafesi aoao i le leitio i se eria na maua ai faasalalauga pe tusa ma le 1 miliona tagata e nonofo ai.³ Sa maua e le Ekalesia se vaega tele o le alaleo i le 1925, ma sa suia ai loa le igoa i le KSL. Sa faagaoioia pea i lalo o le puleaga a le Ekalesia i se seneturi mulimuli ane.⁴

O Peresitene Ipa J. Kurene o loo tuuina atu le uluai faasalalauga i le leitio a le Ekalesia mai le tama’i fale apa a le KZN i luga o le taualuga o le Deseret News Building i le Aai o Sate Leki, Me 1922.

I le isi sefulu tausaga na sosoo ai, sa galulue ai le Ekalesia e faalautele atu ana polokalama faaleitio i fafo atu o Iuta. I le 1929, sa faipaaga ai le KSL ma le Kamupani Faasalalau a le Malo (NBC) i le Aai o Niu Ioka ma faalauiloa ai se faasalalauga faalevaiaso o le Aufaipese a le Tapeneko.⁵ O le polokalama a le aufaipese o le Music & the Spoken Word lea e aofia ai savali e fofogaina e le tagata faasalasalau o Richard L. Evans, na faatupula’ia ma oo atu i se aofaiga toatele o tagata faalogologo. O le faasalalauga aupito umi ma faaauau pea lea o leitio i le lalolagi.⁶ I le 1933, na avea ai le KSL ma se vaega faipaaga o le Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) ma faaopoopo i ai se faasologa o polokalama e lagolagoina e le Ekalesia e ta’ua “O Le Ekalesia i le Ea.”⁷

I le 1935, sa faatuina ai e taitai o le Ekalesia le Komiti o le Leitio, Faasalalauga Faalauaitele, ma Tusi Faitau a le Misiona. Sa faafaigaluegaina e le komiti ia le faifeautalai faatoa foi mai ma o se Peresitene o le Ekalesia i le lumanai o Gordon B. Hinckley e tusia savali o faigalotu ma tala mo le leitio, e aofia ai polokalama e pei o le Sunday Church Hour, The Fulness of Times, A New Witness for Christ, ma le The Church’s Attitude.⁸ I le taimi lava lea e tasi, na faalauteleina ai e le Ekalesia le aapa atu o ana polokalama e ala i le faatauina o alaleo o leitio i le Iunaite Setete atoa.

E ui ina sa manuia le auina atu e masini faataitai o ata i luga o galu o le leitio talu mai le amataga o le 1900, ae o le fatufatuga faasolosolo a Edwin H. Armstrong ma Philo T. Farnsworth, o se Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mai Idaho, na auina atu le televise i fale o aiga.⁹ Ia Oketopa 1948, sa faataitai ai e taitai o le Ekalesia le faasalalauina o konafesi aoao e faaaoga ai televise felata’i i fale i le Lotoa o le Malumalu. Na faalauiloa e le KSL le uluai alaata o televise faapisinisi i Iuta i le tausaga na sosoo ai ma faasalalau atu ai le uluai faasalalauga o le konafesi aoao i luga o ala ea matala ia Oketopa 1949. A o faaauau pea ona tuputupu ae le Ekalesia i fafo atu o le Iunaite Setete i sisifo, sa fesoasoani paaga a le KSL ma isi ofisa faasalalau a le Ekalesia e aapa atu i le aofia faataamilo i le Iunaite Setete ma i Europa ma Amerika Latina.¹⁰

I le 1962, o fesootaiga muamua i satelite na faataamilo ai le lalolagi na auina atu fesootaiga o le leitio, televise, ma telefoni i le salafa o le lalolagi. Na faaali mai le Aufaipese a le Tapeneko i lena tausaga i le uluai faasalalauga faasatelite i le lalolagi atoa, o se faatinoga lotonuu na faasalalauina mai Mt. Rushmore i le Iunaite Setete.¹¹ O David M. Kennedy, o se tagata o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e faigaluega i faletupe ma o se sui faapitoa i nisi taimi o le Au Peresitene Sili, sa auauna atu i le aufaatonu o le COMSAT, o se lala tautua faasatelite a le malo feterale o le Iunaite Setete.¹² I le aoao mai ai i le tomai o Kennedy, na vave lava ona gaioi taitai o le Ekalesia e faatino lenei tekinolosi fou i le lotolotoi o tulafono faatapula’a i nisi o taimi. Sa latou faapipiiina ni ipu satelite i le tele o falelotu i le salafa o le lalolagi ma tuu atu ai i le Bonneville International e tilivaina faasalalauga faasatelite. E oo atu i le vaitau o le 1980, o le tuufaatasiga o ipu satelite na faagaoioia e le Ekalesia sa tuuina atu ma mauaina ai faasalalauga o konafesi aoao ma isi sauniga, ma faatagaina ai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i le tele o nofoaga mamao e auai i faasalalauga tuusao. O faasalalauga faavaomalo na faatinoina ai foi le faaliliuga o le konafesi aoao i isi gagana, o se faiga na amatalia i le 1961 ina ua faaliliuina le faasalalauga i le gagana Take, Siamani, Samoa, ma le Sipaniolo. Ia Aperila 2000, sa taitaia ai e le Peresitene o le Ekalesia Gordon B. Hinckley le uluai faapaiaga o le malumalu na faasalalauina mai le Malumalu o Palamaira Niu Ioka e lata i le Vao Paia i nofoaga autu o siteki i le lalolagi atoa.¹³

O le Aufaipese a le Tapeneko o loo faatino se pesepesega i le Mt. Rushmore mo le uluai faasalalauga faasatelite i le lalolagi atoa, 1962.

O le tuputupu ae mausali o le leitio ma le televise na ofoina mai ai faasalalauga tetele ma eseese mo aofia faavaomalo. Talu mai le vaitau o le 1990, ua faaauau pea ona faalautele e tekinolosi i le initoneti ia ala o faasalalauga a le Ekalesia, aemaise lava ina ua amata ona lagolagoina e le initoneti saoasaoa faasalalauga faatekinolosi fuainumera. O le konafesi aoao ia Oketopa 1999 o le konafesi aoao muamua lea na muai maua i le lalolagi atoa e ala i faasalalauga i le initoneti, ma talu mai lena taimi ua faasalalauina e le Ekalesia ia ituaiga uma o faasalalauga o ituaiga eseese e ala i faasalalauga feaveai ma faaleagafesootai.¹⁴ I le 2021, sa faasalalauina ai le konafesi aoao i luga o televise ma leitio i le silia ma le 70 atunuu, faatasi ai ma le faitau miliona o tagata na mauaina i luga o le initoneti.¹⁵

Punaoa o le Ekalesia

M. Russell Ballard, “Using New Media to Support the Work of the Church,” Newsroom, Dec. 15, 2007, newsroom.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/article/using-new-media-to-support-the-work-of-the-church.

Ryan Morgenegg, “A Historic Look at the Church’s Use of Media,” Church News, Oke. 9, 2014, ChurchofJesusChrist.org/church/news/a-historic-look-at-the-churchs-use-of-media.

“Ala o Faasalalauga Eseese,” newsroom.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/multimedia.

Faasinomaga o Tusi

O lomiga nei o loo tuuina atu ai nisi faamatalaga e uiga i lenei autu. I le faasinoina atu po o le faafesoota’ia o oe i nei punaoa, matou te le faamaonia pe faamautinoa atu le anotusi po o manatu o tusitala.

Erik Barnouw, A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 3 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966–1970).

Bruce L. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” in Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 232–34.

Pearl F. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2 (1964), 130–44.

Sherry Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline: 1827–2007,” Faculty Publications, no. 959 (2007), Brigham Young University, http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/1452.

Autu Fesootai: Va i Fafo, Aufaipese Tapeneko

1. Erik Barnouw, A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 4; Bruce L. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” in Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 232.

2. Pearl F. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” Utah Historical Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 2 (1964), 130–39.

3. Heber J. Grant, in Conference Report, Oct. 3, 1924, 2.

4. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” 142–43.

5. I le va o le 1915 ma le 2018, sa alu ai le Aufaipese i le igoa “Aufaipese a le Tapeneko Mamona”; na suia le igoa i le “O Le Aufaipese a le Tapeneko i le Lotoa o le Malumalu” i le 2018; tagai Autu: Aufaipese a le Tapeneko; Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 61.

6. Jacobson, “Utah’s First Radio Station,” 142–43; Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 232–33; “Musika & o le Afioga Tulei,” O Le Aufaipese a le Tapeneko i le Lotoa o le Malumalu, https://www.thetabernaclechoir.org/music-spoken-word.html; Barnouw, O Se Olo i Papelu, 250. Tagai foi i le Autu: Aufaipese a le Tapeneko.

7. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 233; Ryan Morgenegg, “A Historic Look at the Church’s Use of Media,” Church News, Oct. 9, 2014, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/a-historic-look-at-the-churchs-use-of-media.

8. Sheri L. Dew, Go Forward with Faith: The Biography of Gordon B. Hinckley (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1996), 94, 100–101.

9. Erik Barnouw, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 77–83.

10. Christensen, “Broadcasting,” 233; Sherry Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline: 1827–2007,” Faculty Publications, no. 959, 48–50, Brigham Young University, http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/1452.

11. J. B. Haws, The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 23–24; Michael Hicks, The Mormon Tabernacle Choir: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 121.

12. Martin Berkeley Hickman, David Matthew Kennedy: Banker, Statesman, Churchman (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1987), 179–80; Barnouw, Tube of Plenty, 310–15.

13. “General Conference Interpretation Fact Sheet,” Newsroom, https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/general-conference-interpretation-fact-sheet; Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline.”

14. “Conference Broadcast on the Internet,” Ensign, Nov. 1999, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1999/11/news-of-the-church/conference-broadcast-on-the-internet; Baker, “Mormon Media History Timeline.”

15. “Another General Conference of Firsts This Easter Weekend,” Deseret News, Mar. 29, 2021, https://www.deseret.com/faith/2021/3/29/22338105/another-general-conference-of-firsts-this-easter-weekend-broadcast-to-70-countries-worldwide-lds.