Aia Tatau a Tamaitai e Palota Ai

I le seneturi lona 19, o avanoa o tamaitai faaleagafesootai ma faalemalo i le tele o atunuu sa matua eseese lava mai i avanoa a alii. Sa le mafai e tamaitai ona mauaina aia tutusa e pei o alii i le malo, umiaina o se meatotino, aoaoga, galuega, ma le tausia o tamaiti. O i latou na tauva mo tofi ma palota i faigapalota sa toetoe lava nao alii.¹ E ui i lea, sa amata ona faateleina fuainumera o tamaitai na auai i le olaga lautele i le Iunaite Setete. Na latou faatuina ma tuufaatasia sosaiete agalelei ma avea o se uunaiga malosi i gaoioiga e faamalosia le lava onosai ma ia faamutaina le nofopologa.

Ia Iulai i le 1848 ua silia i le 300 tagata tu malosi mo le agafesootai na feiloai i Seneca Falls, Niu Ioka, mo le lua aso o tautalaga ma faaaliga o mafaufauga i fesili e fesootai i aia tatau lautele ma faalelotu o tamaitai. I le faaiuga o le tuufaatasiga, sa faamuamua ona tuuina atu e Elizabeth Cady Stanton se Folafolaga o Lagona, o se tusitusiga o loo faailoa mai ai taofiofiga faaletulafono, faaletupe, faaleaoaoga, ma le faaleagafesootai i tamaitai ma finau atu ia tuuina mai le aia i tamaitai e palota ai.² O fono e pei o le Faatasiga i Seneca Falls na oo atu i le faatulagaina o ni faatosinaga mo le aia tatau e palota ai, o se mau na iloa i lena taimi o le “aia tatau o tamaitai e palota ai.”

O tamaitai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai sa mauaina foi le aafiaga i le olaga lautele i Misuri faapea ma Ilinoi. O nei tamaitai na talosaga i le malo mo le toe faaolaina ina ua mavae le aafia ai i sauaga i Misuri ma amataina le faavaeina o le Aualofa i Navu. I Iuta, o taitai o le Aualofa i siteki ma uarota sa faamalosia tamaitai e faaleo o latou manatu.³

O le faasagatau mai o le malo i le faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo na saunia ai tamaitai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e faia gaoioiga faaletulafono i tausaga o le 1870.⁴ I le Aualofa a le Uarota Sefululima a Sate Leki, mo se faataitaiga, na valaaulia faatasi tamaitai e Peresitene Sarah Kimball e filifili pe faafefea ona latou tali atu i tulafono a le malo e faasagatau i le faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo o loo faatali. Na faaopoopo ane Bathsheba Smith, “Tatou te mananao i le aia tatau e palota ai mai le kovana.”⁵ O nei taitai sa talitonu o le aia tatau o tamaitai e palota ai o le a faatagaina le Au Paia e faasaoina a latou faaipoipoga ma saolotoga faalelotu. Ma le le iloa o le loloto e oo i ai na talitonuga, o nisi tagata na lagolagoina le faasagatau a le malo i faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo sa faapea ifo a faapea e tuuina atu i ai le aia tatau e palota ai, o le a palota tamaitai Iuta e faasolitulafono le faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo.⁶

I tausaga o le 1870, i le maofa o le atunuu, na faavaeina e le lesitala o le teritori o Iuta se tulafono e tuuina atu ai le aia tatau i tamaitai e palota ai, ma o tamaitai Iuta na avea ma e na muamua i le Iunaite Setete e faia a latou palota i faiga palota a le nuu.⁷ O tamaitai Iuta sa faatasi atu foi i faatosinaga a le atunuu mo aia tatau a tamaitai i tafatafa o taitai o le aia tatau e palota ai o Elizabeth Cady Stanton ma Susan B. Anthony, e ui o nisi i faalapotopotoga o le atunuu sa teena le faaauai o tamaitai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai na faia faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo.⁸

I le 1887, na avesea ai e le malo le aia tatau e palota ai tamaitai i Iuta o se vaega o le Edmunds-Tucker Act e faasagatau i faaipoipoga faaautaunonofo. Na tali atu tamaitai Iuta e ala i le faatulagaina o le Asosi o Aia Tatau e Palota Ai Tamaitai i le Teritori, ma le naunautai e toe faafoisia atoatoa a latou aia tatau. Mo le isi valu tausaga na sosoo ai, na latou fuafuaina gaoioiga i taulaga ma aai i Iuta, auina atu o latou sui i tuufaatasiga mo aia tatau a tamaitai i le atunuu, ma taumafai e aafia lesitala o le teritori mo le toe faafoisiaina o a latou aia tatau e palota ai.⁹

I le tuufaatasiga mo le tulafono i le 1985 i Iuta, sa finau ai lesitala pe faaaafia le aia tatau e palota ai tamaitai i la latou talosaga i le Konekeresi a le Iunaite Setete mo le tulaga faasetete. O Orson F. Whitney, o le na avea mulimuli ane o se Aposetolo, na faatagaina faamalosi le aia tatau e palota ai tamaitai. “O le faasinomaga o tamaitai le i ai o se leo i meafai a le malo,” na ia faapea atu ai. “Na mamanuina o ia mo lena mea. E i ai sana aia tatau i ai.”¹⁰ O sui o le tuufaatasiga na palota e lagolago le aia tatau e palota ai tamaitai, ma ina ua tuuina atu i ai le avanoa e tu ai mo le setete i ni nai masina mulimuli ane, na avea ai Iuta ma le setete lona tolu a le Iuni e faalauteleina le aia tutusa i le palemene mo tamaitai. I le 1920, sa mauaina e tamaitai i le Iunaite Setete le aia tatau e palota ai i le Suiga lona 19 i le Tulafono a le I.S.

O le faalauteleina o aia tatau e palota ai tamaitai i fafo o le Iunaite Setete sa faapea foi ona amataina i le seneturi lona 19. O le tele o atunuu, teritori, setete, ma kolone sa amata ona faaofi atu aia tatau e palota ai mo nisi tamaitai, tele lava o i latou sa nonofo toatasi, tetea, umiaina fanua, pe totogiina a latou lafoga. I le 1893, na avea ai Niu Sila ma le atunuu tutoatasi muamua e tuuina atu le aia tatau lautele e palota ai tamaitai. O isi malo na tuuina atu le aia tatau i tamaitai e palota ai i seneturi lona 20 ma le 21. E lata mai lava e pei o le 2015, na palota ai tamaitai i Saudi Arabia mo le taimi muamua.

O le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai, alii ma tamaitai, ua faaauau ona auai i gaoioiga faalenuu ma faalemalo ma ua auai i taimi uma i galuega aoga ia faaleleia o latou nuu e tusa ai ma tulafono o a latou lava malo.

Punaoa o le Ekalesia

“Part 3: 1867–1879,” in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 235–434.

Talaaga o le Soifuaga

O lomiga nei o loo tuuina atu ai nisi faamatalaga e uiga i lenei autu. I le faasinoina atu po o le faafesootaia o oe i nei punaoa, matou te le faamaonia pe faamautinoa atu le anomea po o manatu o tusitala.

Carol Cornwall Madsen, ed., Battle for the Ballot: Essays on Woman Suffrage in Utah, 1870–1896 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997).

Faamatalaga

1. Tagai Autu: American Legal and Political Institutions [Faalapotopotoga Aloaia ma Faalemalo a Amerika]

2. Carol Cornwall Madsen, “Introduction,” in Carol Cornwall Madsen, ed., Battle for the Ballot: Essays on Woman Suffrage in Utah, 1870–1896 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997), 2–3.

3. Tagai “Introduction,” in Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, Kate Holbrook, and Matthew J. Grow, eds., The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), xvii–xxxiv. Tagai foi Autu: Common Consent [Faatagaga Masani].

4. Tagai i Autu: Plural Marriage in Utah [Faaipoipoga Faaautaunonofo i Iuta], Antipolygamy Legislation[Tulafono E Faasagatau i le faitoalua e tele.

5. Salt Lake Stake Fifteenth Ward Relief Society, Minutes 1868–1873, Jan. 6, 1870, Church History Library, Salt Lake City.

6. Tagai Madsen, “Introduction,” 6–7.

7. The Wyoming legislature was first in granting women the right to vote, but Utah held local elections before Wyoming did, so Utah women were the first to vote. Tagai “Minutes of ‘Ladies Mass Meeting,’ January 6, 1870,” in Derr and others, The First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 305–10.

8. Madsen, “Introduction,” 7–9.

9. Emmeline B. Wells, “Utah,” in Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper, eds., The History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 4 (Rochester: Susan B. Anthony, 1902), 936–56.

10. Tagai Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, Carol Cornwall Madsen, and Jill Mulvay Derr, “The Latter-day Saints and Women’s Rights, 1870–1920: A Brief Survey,” in Madsen, Battle for the Ballot, 102. For more on the convention debate on woman suffrage, see Jean Bickmore White, “Woman’s Place Is in the Constitution: The Struggle for Equal Rights in Utah in 1895,” in Madsen, Battle for the Ballot, 221–44.