Malaga i Fafo

I le afa lona lua o le seneturi lona 19, o le toatele o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai sa nonofo i se vaega i luma o Amerika i Matu Sisifo lea e oo atu mai Alberta, Kanata, e oo atu i Iuta, ma oo atu i Colonia Juárez, Mekisiko. O taumafaiga muamua lava e faapotopoto le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i lenei itulagi na amata ona fesuiai i le 1900 a o uunaia e taitai o le Ekalesia ia tagata fou liliu mai ina ia nonofo pea i o latou atunuu nai lo le toe siitia atu i Sisifo o Amerika. I le taimi lava lea e tasi, na amata ai ona tosina ese atu le toatele o tagata ma aiga o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mai Iuta i le tele o nofoaga i le salafa o le Iunaite Setete. O lenei “malaga i fafo” na suia ai le Ekalesia i ni auala taua. E ui lava sa tumau pea le anoanoai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i Iuta ma setete lata ane, ae sa amata ona tufatufa atu faapotopotoga a le Ekalesia i le atunuu atoa. I le aluga o taimi, na o mai ai nisi o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i aai tetele o Amerika e umia ni tofiga faatosina i pisinisi, malo, aoga, ma isi vaega o le sosaiete a Amerika.

O mea eseese na uunaia ai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e toe siitia atu i fafo atu o Iuta i le faaiuga o le seneturi lona 20. Talu mai lo latou taunuu atu i Intermountain West, sa taumafai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e fausia se malo faaletino o le Atua i lena itulagi. Mo le tele o tausaga, sa uunaia ai e taitai o le Ekalesia le faatauina mai na o i uso a tagata o le Ekalesia ma ia faapaiaina pe tuuina atu a latou tupe ma galulue i a latou uarota, siteki, ma nuu. I le isi itu, o le toatele o tagata i le Iunaite Setete sa fausia se tamaoaiga e faavae i avanoa o tagata taitoatasi. A o faasolosolo malie ona auai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i le alamanuia ma le pisinisi faaAmerika, sa faateleina lo latou tulitulimatagauina o avanoa faaleaoaoga ma faalegaluega i fafo atu o lo latou itulagi o aganuu i le atunuu.

O isi malosiaga tetele faapolotiki ma le tamaoaiga na saofaga foi i le faateleina o le malaga i fafo. O tulafono e tetee ai i le faiava e toatele i le vaitau o le 1880 na sosoo ai ma se pau o le tamaoaiga i le atunuu i le vaitau o le 1890 na faavaivaia ai le gafatia o aiga ma nuu o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e tausia i latou lava, ma taitai atu ai le toatele e saili mo ni galuega i se isi nofoaga. Na amata atu i le 1900, o galuega faatino a le malo mo le toe faaleleia o vai na tatalaina ai fanua fou i Sisifo o Amerika i le atinaega o faatoaga, ma maua ai e faifaatoaga i Iuta avanoa e siitia ai ma faalautele ai a latou faatinoga, lea na amata ai ona tuua le tele o taulaga laiti. Ina ua filifilia Reed Smoot i le Senate a le Iunaite Setete i le 1903, sa ia valaaulia nisi o ana tagata faigaluega e faia ni tofiga i ofisa o le malo i Uosigitone, D.C. O o latou aafiaga na uunaia ai isi Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai e saili ni galuega faalemalo i le tele o tausaga na sosoo ai. O le mauaina o aoaoga maualuluga ma galuega faapolofesa na tosina atu ai foi le toatele o talavou matutua e tuua Iuta mo le Aai o Niu Ioka, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, ma Uosigitone, D.C.

Falesa na fausia i le 1933 i Uosigitone, D.C., lea na faatulaga ai le uluai siteki i le laumua o le Iunaite Setete i le 1940.

Na sili atu ona taatele le malaga i fafo a o auai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i vaegaau faamiliteli ma galulue i le puipuiga i le taimi o taua e lua a le lalolagi. Ina ua mavae le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi, na maua e fitafita ni faamanuiaga i lalo o le G. I. Bill lea na aofia ai le totogiina o pili aoga. Na faatupulaia aai o kolisi a o auai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i isi talavou Amerika i le sailia o faailoga, ma sa faatuina uarota a tamaiti aoga i lotoa o iunivesite. Sa lagolagoina foi e tagata o le auaunaga faamiliteli ia paranesi o le Ekalesia i atunuu mamao, faatasi ai ma tagata faigaluega mai fafo e masani ona avea ma sui o uluai Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i atunuu eseese.

E oo atu i le ogatotonu o le seneturi lona 20, ua faateleina le aofai o tagata fou o le ekalesia ua auai i le Ekalesia i eria i fafo atu o Iuta ma le Iunaite Setete. I le va o le 1923 ma le 1953, na faatuina ai siteki i Kalefonia, Niu Ioka, Texas, ma Uosigitone, D.C.—o le uluai siteki i o latou lava setete ma le laumua o le atunuu—a o faateleina femalagaaiga faavaomalo, fefaatauaiga faavaomalo, ma le faalauteleina o misiona i tausaga mulimuli ane, na saofaga i se faatelega maoae i tagata auai o le Ekalesia ma le fatuina o siteki faatupulaia i le salafa o le lalolagi. I le 1979, na faatulagaina ai le siteki lona 1,000 i Navu, Ilinoi; sefululima tausaga mulimuli ane, na faatulagaina ai le siteki lona 2,000 i le Aai o Mekisiko; ma i le 2012, na faatulagaina ai le siteki lona 3,000 i Sierra Leone.

Punaoa o le Ekalesia

William G. Hartley, “The Church Grows in Strength,” Ensign, Sept. 1999, 32–39.

Lisi o Punaoa

O lomiga nei o loo tuuina atu ai nisi faamatalaga faaopoopo e uiga i lenei autu. I le faasino atu po o le faafesootaia o oe i nei punaoa, matou te le faamaonia pe faamautinoa atu le anomea po o manatu o tusitala.

G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration, 1919–1970,” i Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 144–47.

G. Wesley Johnson ma Marian Ashby Johnson, “On the Trail of the Twentieth-Century Mormon Outmigration,” BYU Studies, vol. 46, nu. 1 (2007), 41–83.

Jan Shipps, “The Scattering of the Gathered and the Gathering of the Scattered: The Mormon Diaspora in the Mid-Twentieth Century,” i le Douglas D. Alder, comp., Honoring Juanita Brooks: A Compilation of 30 Annual Presentations from the Juanita Brooks Lecture Series, 1984–2014 (St. Siaosi, Iuta: Dixie State University Press, 2014), 72–88.

D. W. Meinig, “The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847–1964,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 55, nu. 2 (Iuni 1965), 191–220.

Autu Fesootai: Malaga, Nofoaga o Paionia, Uarota ma Siteki, Paranesi a Tagata Auauna Atu

1. Tagai i Autu: Faapotopotoga o Isaraelu, Nuu o Paionia.

2. G. Wesley Johnson and Marian Ashby Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration, 1919–1970,” i Brandon S. Plewe, ed., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), 144–47. Tagai foi i le Autu: Faigamalaga; Thomas G. Alexander, Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890–1930, lomiga lona 3. (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2012), 305–7.

3. Tagai i Autu: Emigration [Faigamalaga], Cooperative Movement, United Orders.

4. Tagai John Lauritz Larson, The Market Revolution in America: Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); ma Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (Niu Ioka: Hill and Wang, 1982).

5. Dale Beecher, “The Post-Gathering Expansion of Zion: Mormon Settlements of the Twentieth Century,” i le Thomas G. Alexander, ed., Times of Transition: Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History at Brigham Young University (Provo, Iuta: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History, 2003), 103–6. Tagai foi i Autu: Tulafono e Tetee ai i Autaunonofo, Cooperative Movement.

6. Johnson ma Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 145. Tagai foi i Autu: Reed Smoot Hearings, Political Neutrality.

7. G. Wesley Johnson ma Marian Ashby Johnson, “On the Trail of the Twentieth-Century Mormon Outmigration,” BYU Studies, vol. 46, nu. 1 (2007), 46–47.

8. Tagai i Autu: World War I, World War II.

9. Johnson ma Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 144–45; tagai foi Thomas W. Simpson, American Universities and the Birth of Modern Mormonism, 1867–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).

10. Tagai Autu: Tuputupu A‘e o le Galuega Faafaifeautalai.

11. Johnson ma Johnson, “The Mormon Outmigration,” 144–45.

12. Richard O. Cowan, “Stakes, 1910–Present,” i Plewe, Mapping Mormonism, 184; Gerry Avant, “3,000th Stake,” Church News, 9 Tes. , 2012, 7.